Nefilosofi Medieval ngamafuphi: izinselele, izici, incazelo emfushane, izinyathelo

Ephakathi - kungcono cishe isikhathi eyinkulungwane isikhathi emlandweni waseYurophu. It evela wokugoqa lesihlanu AD leminyaka, ngaphansi koMbuso WamaRoma, ithumba feudalism futhi iphela ekuqaleni nanhlanu, uma Yempucuko.

Izici eziyinhloko ifilosofi Ephakathi

Izici nefilosofi medieval kafushane ukholo lobuKristu ithuluzi for ubunye bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sabo se-yezezimali, ubuzwe, ubungcweti, ubulili. zefilosofi Medieval isiqiniseko ukuthi wonke umuntu obhapathiziwe, wathola ithuba lokuthola izinzuzo empilweni esizayo, eye bancishwa lokhu. I inkolelo yokungafi komphefumulo njengoba Isakhi esiyinhloko okushiwo umuntu ngamunye ubiza phakathi kwawo wonke: kwenkosi iyisinxibi umthelisi futhi ingcweti, abagulayo uphilile, iduna nensikazi. Uma sicabange ezigabeni kwemvelo wefilosofi ephakathi, kafushane, okungukuthi ukusungulwa the nezimfundiso kobuKristu nangasekuqaleni ukwethulwa yalelozwe Christian e ukwazi komphakathi ngokuhambisana nezidingo feudalism njengoba indlela eyinhloko uhulumeni emazweni esikhathini esiningi.

Inkinga kuyifilosofi yobuKristu

Izinkinga main wefilosofi medieval ngokufingqiwe nzima impela. Uma uzama ukwethula kuzo amagama ambalwa, kuba ukusungulwa izwe ukubusa of the Christian Church, Isizathu for imfundiso yalo kusukela Ngokombono ongokwesayensi, nge izikhundla ukuthi kuyaqondakala neyamukelekayo kubantu bazo zonke izigaba. Omunye izingxabano ezinkulu wefilosofi yangeNkathi Ephakathi yayiwukuphela isihloko universals. I dichotomy kwakungokuboniswa komoya ndaba wazwakalisa kule mpikiswano phakathi nominalists kanye namaqiniso. Ngokusho Fomy Akvinskogo nomqondo jikelele ebonakaliswa ifomu mithathu. Okokuqala - domaterilny, okungukuthi angaphatheki, ngesimo plan yokuqala uMdali. Esesibili - yezinto ezibonakalayo noma izikhundla zangempela, okungukuthi, nokubukeka okungokomzimba. Okwesithathu - posleveschny, ngamanye amazwi, elathunjwa kwimemori, ingqondo yomuntu. UThomas Aquinas waphikisa Nominalist Rostselin. ngombono wakhe rationalism kakhulu weza yokuthi izwe lazi kuphela ngokombono we igunya kwendaba, ngoba universals kuphela ezihlokweni zawo. Ufanele cwaningo kuphela yini ngabanye. Akukhona eyodwa ivoti jika kuphela. ISonto LamaKatolika ukugxekile lokhu theory Rostselina njengoba kungavumelani okuhlala kobuKristu. ISibonisikuqala seSakhiwo sivunyiwe okunye ukuze izwe uThomas Aquinas. okwangempela yakhe ngokulinganisela ukuthi wagcina ebe ngengozi yokulawulwa yiSonto LamaKatolika njengoba okunengqondo kakhulu futhi okunengqondo okulula ukufunda.

Nkulunkulu-ukufuna - umsebenzi oyinhloko zefilosofi medieval

kafushane nefilosofi Medieval angakhethwa usesho ngoNkulunkulu nakumazi uNkulunkulu ukhona. Atomism zefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo waxoshwa, kanye unkulunkulu consubstantial zika-Aristotle, kodwa Platonism ngokuphambene sathathwa e-isici zintathu essence yaphezulu. Theocentrism nefilosofi medieval kuchazwe kafushane ikhathekizimu. UbuKristu baqala anesikhundla ovelele kule ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe ka ephakathi eYurophu uthi. izinkinga ezinzima inkathi yokubusa iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki nezinkantolo nefilosofi medieval kafushane asetjenziswe njengoba amandla ukushayela ukwethulwa kwendlela yobuKristu ukucabanga ubudlelwane kwansuku zonke imiphakathi yabalimi phakathi kwezakhamizi kanye abahwebi phakathi ekilasini knightly.

izigaba ezintathu wefilosofi medieval

Kukhona letigaba letilandzelako wefilosofi ephakathi, wafingqa okushiwo okulandelayo. isici generalized wokuqala - ukusungulwa zintathu kaNkulunkulu, ubufakazi bokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu, lithathelwe imicikilisho ethile lobuKristu lokuqala kanye nezimpawu ukuze ibandla lika Krestu nascent. Isigaba wefilosofi medieval yesibili izisethile umsebenzi wokusungula kokubusa amukelwa yisonto lobuKristu. Isinyathelo sesithathu nefilosofi medieval kafushane kuchazwa ngokuthi inkathi rethinking esigunyazwe esedlule isikhathi umbhedesho yobuKristu. Ukuhlukana zalezi zigaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nabantu ngokwabo zefilosofi kungaba kunemibandela, ngoba imithombo ehlukene ukondla umkhaya ngale ndlela ulwazi sobuntu sokuhlalisana ngokuthula. Scholastica, patristic futhi apologetics yiwona asondelene esihlobene futhi munye. Nokho, ukuxolisa namanje kubhekwa ukuba nesikhathi umsuka umbono medieval kwesayensi yefilosofi nenhlalakahle futhi ukwazi lomuntu futhi kuthatha cishe ubude besikhathi lesibili zekhulu lesihlanu. evamile Patristic iqala ngekhulu lesithathu esimweni evelele iyasebenza kuze ngekhulu leminyaka lesishiyagalombili scholasticism kubonakala ngokucacile amelwe isikhawu kusukela nanye ekhulwini weshumi nane.

apologetics

Isigaba sokuqala kwachazwa ngokuthi ukuzwelwa. abalandeli bayo main babe Quintus Septimius Florent uTertullian no Kliment Aleksandriysky. Uzisola nefilosofi medieval ikakhulukazi kungenziwa kafushane yachazwa njengetshe elincane nilwe imiqondo kobuqaba oda emhlabeni. Ukholo kumelwe kube khona isizathu ngenhla. Lokho ubuKristu ayikwazi ukuqinisekiswa, kufanele kuthathwe ngokuthi iqiniso likaNkulunkulu, ngaphandle ezwakalisa ukungabaza noma ukungavumelani. Ukholo kuNkulunkulu akufanele kube okunengqondo, kodwa kufanele sibe okungenakubhubhiseka.

patristics

Isigaba sesibili iyona ukucacisa patristic, kusukela ngalesi sikhathi asikho isidingo ukufakazela ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona. Manje zefilosofi udinga ukwamukela konke okuvela kuye njengesibusiso, njengesipho emangalisayo futhi ewusizo. nefilosofi Medieval ngamafuphi futhi ngokucacile ixhumana iVangeli kwabezizwe ngokusebenzisa inhlangano eziMpini Zokholo. Ubani akuyona Ibandla iChristian Church, ngokumelene nalo, ngomlilo inkemba ngomlilo ephikisayo. St Avgustin Avrely, e yakhe "Ukuvuma" ukuntula ukholo kuNkulunkulu izifiso zesono lomuntu elimchaza ngokuthi lezo nkinga ezinkulu nefilosofi ephakathi. Uthi ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle emhlabeni kaNkulunkulu, futhi okubi - intando okubi yomuntu. Izwe idalwe kusukela lutho, ngakho konke kuwo ekuqaleni wazalwa okuhle futhi okuhle. Le ndoda has kwentando yakhe futhi ungakwazi ukulawula izifiso zabo. Umphefumulo womuntu awufi nokuthi unawo inkumbulo, ngisho nangemva kokushiya abode yakhe yasemhlabeni - umzimba womuntu ngokomzimba. Ngokwe patristic, izici eziyinhloko nefilosofi medieval kafushane - kuyinto imizamo wenkuthalo ukuze ubuKristu emhlabeni wonke njengoba ulwazi kuphela kweqiniso mayelana nezwe nabantu. Kwakuthinta ngalesi sikhathi zefilosofi Kwamiswa futhi kungase kutholakale incarnation iNkosi, nokuvuka Kwakhe kanye nokwenyukela. It kwavulwa lemfundiso kaZiqu-Ukuza yesibili koMsindisi, ukwaHlulelwa Kugcine, uvuko jikelele futhi impilo entsha incarnation esilandelayo. Kubalulekile kakhulu kusukela umbono wokuba khona e nephakade kukaKristu isonto futhi lokuqhubeka sabapristi ngaphakathi ke, kwaba ukwamukelwa imfundiso bobunye catholicity weBandla.

scholasticism

Isigaba sesithathu - the esikoleni nefilosofi ephakathi. Incazelo emfushane kwesikhathi angakhethwa ekubumbeni okuhlala Church Christian ezibekwe esikhathini esandulele. Kukhona izikole, ifilosofi ingena yenkolo. Theocentrism nefilosofi ephakathi, uma sikubeka kafushane, selivela ukusungulwa ezikoleni nasemanyuvesi orientation zenkolo. Isayensi humanities bafundiswa ngokombono ukholo lobuKristu. Philosophy iba enkonzweni yenkolo.

imfuno zefilosofi izazi ezingamaKristu okuzisholo

nefilosofi Medieval, incazelo emfushane ezigabeni lucidly wachaza izincwadi ngomlando nefilosofi. Lapho ungathola Ukhulumé imisebenzi ongqondongqondo enjalo eliqavile esigabeni sokuqala, njengoba abameleli apologetics uTatian no-Origen. UTatian eqoqwe amaVangeli amane uMarku, uLuka kaMathewu noJohane eyodwa. Kamuva waziwa kabanzi ngokuthi iTestamente Elisha. U-Origen wadala igatsha kolimi, ngokusekelwe izindaba eziseBhayibhelini. Wabuye kungokwalabo ukwethulwa umqondo kaNkulunkulu-indoda ngokuphathelene noJesu Kristu. Phakathi nezefilosofi eziye ushiye uphawu abalulekile kakhulu kule isayensi, yebo, ingasaphathwa patristic Boethius Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severin. Washiya umsebenzi emangalisayo "Consolation Philosophy". nefilosofi yangeNkathi Ephakathi yayiwukuphela kafushane aqoqelwe ndawonye futhi lula ngokufundisa ezikoleni. Universal - brainchild of Boethius. Ngokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala yayo ezindaweni eziyisikhombisa oyinhloko ulwazi babehlukene beyizizwe ezimbili izinhlobo eyala. Okokuqala - lena humanities. Ngo trohpute kuhlanganisiwe mpendulo, luhlelo lwelulwimi kanye nemisebenti dialectics. Esesibili - ngesayensi yemvelo. Kulesi chetyrohpute kuhlanganisa geometry, izibalo, umculo nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi. Uye elihunyushwe ngachaza imisebenzi esemqoka zika-Aristotle, Euclid futhi Nicomachus. Scholastica emfundisweni zefilosofi njalo elihlobene ne igama Dominican Order indela Fomy Akvinskogo, ngubani systematized le postulates yesonto Orthodox, wahola bonakaliso ezinhlanu esinganqobeki bokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu. Yena ehlanganisiwe ngokunengqondo exhumene izibalo zefilosofi Aristotle izimfundiso zobuKristu, wabonisa ukuthi yemvelo ntu, nengqondo kakhulu ekuthuthukeni Impela hamba ezingeni eliphakeme ukwazi, okungukuthi, inkolelo yokuba khona nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ukuyo yonke indawo, ungumninimandla onke futhi emunye angaphatheki Nkulunkulu. Wavula ke futhi yabonisa ukulandelana njalo efezwayo lapho ingqondo usuphothuliwe ngokholo, nemvelo - umusa nakumafilosofi - yesambulo.

Bamafilosofi - abangcwele of the Catholic Church

zefilosofi eziningi zangenkathi ephakathi ziye zibalwa yeSonto LamaKatolika enjengokuba usanta. It uIrenaeus, u-Augustine, Kliment Aleksandriysky, ioann Zlatoust, Albert Veliky, foma Akvinsky, ioann Damaskin, Maksim Ispovednik, Grigoriy Nissky, Vasiliy Veliky, Dionisiy Areopagit, Boethius, abagcotshwa njengoba Saint Severin, kanye nabanye.