KumiswaIsayensi

Nezifundo zezentuthwae - ke ukuthi isayensi? Yini ukutadisha nezifundo zezentuthwae

Nezifundo zezentuthwae - lokhu ingenye izingxenye wesayensi yezilwane. Kusekelwe ekutadisheni zinhlobo ezehlukene izinambuzane. Okulotshiweyo Specific kuyinto nezifundo zezentuthwae. Amagama kulesi inhlanganisela kukhona ngesiGreki. Okungukuthi ἔντομον - "isinambuzane" futhi λόγος - "imfundiso." Kukhona inani elikhulu izinambuzane. Lokho 3 million zinhlobo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola bonke babo, abadinga usizo nge ongoti abaningi.

Umlando nesenzakalo

Nezifundo zezentuthwae - isayensi nasekomoobraznyh. It wayevela ekhulwini XVI. Wabe ngokushesha ngcono, sibonga ekuthuthukiseni isiko kanye nezolimo (ukufuywa).

Eziningi zalezi izazi zezinto eziphilayo okukhulu kwakukhona nentshisekelo kule isayensi. Wakwazi Darwin, kaNobel Karl von Frisch, umbhali Vladimir Nabokov, UProfesa Edward Wilson.

Yini ukutadisha nezifundo zezentuthwae

Cishe isigamu ngekhulu XIX, ososayensi behlola anatomy yemihlobo ehlukeneko izinambuzane, benza incazelo skeleton kanye nezinhlaka zangaphandle. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziqale uthuthuke kulesi sici. Baqala ukufunda izinambuzane, benaka hhayi kuphela skeleton kanye izitho, kodwa futhi ekutheni umuntu ngamunye izingxenye zomzimba. Lena qiniso libalulekile.

ezindaweni ezithile

Nezifundo zezentuthwae - isayensi nasekomoobraznyh izinhlobo, ehlanganisa izigaba eziningana:

  • izici theory izindlela begazi ukuvikelwa plant.
  • Umthelela nomsoco kanye izici ngoba lithathelwe abiogenous izinambuzane izinqubo.
  • Ethology.
  • Imijikelezo yokuphila kwazo izinambuzane futhi ontogeny.
  • Entomofauna.
  • Ukuvela izinambuzane.
  • Population nezifundo zezentuthwae.
  • I morphology futhi Embryology izinambuzane.
  • Izikhwama echazwa nezifundo zezentuthwae esisebenzayo.
  • Ukusakaza ezemvelo.
  • Systematics.
  • Paleontology.

Incazelo izinkomba

Njalo izazi zezinto eziphilayo ngonyaka wahlanganyela esifundweni izinambuzane ukuze anqume ukuthi kungani zibalulekile futhi yini endaweni yabo ngokwemvelo. Phakathi izifundo eziningi mabhungane ahlukahlukene zaqala wahlukanise izinhlobo eziyingozi futhi ewusizo. Ngamanye amazwi, nezifundo zezentuthwae - ekutadisheni izinambuzane, injongo zawo ezinkulu ukutadisha ukuziphatha kanye nezici izinambuzane eziwuhlupho, kanye ukuhlonza izindlela eziphumelelayo yokulwa kubo.

Okokuqala ngingathanda sigxile eqinisweni ethile. Okungukuthi, kusukela konke nezifundo zezentuthwae ukutadisha, ososayensi banesithakazelo kakhulu ezintweni ezinye izinhlobo zawo isinambuzane, okungase abathwali esemqoka izifo eziningi. Lokhu, kuyingozi kakhulu empilweni yomuntu. Futhi, akekho obaluleke kancane kwaba ekutadisheni izinambuzane ukuthi balimaze hhayi kuphela umuntu, kodwa izitshalo. Lolu cwaningo enemininingwane zaletha imiphumela ezithakazelisayo futhi ngempumelelo. Lokuzaliswa laligujwa parasitism futhi t. D.

Lezi zifundo Kwakuseshwa izinyathelo ezingokoqobo okuhloswe ngazo ekulweni izinambuzane wathi. Sasisebenzisa ulwazi ifomu kanye indlela yokuphila ngamunye inkathazo. Ngenxa olunemininingwane ethe xaxa izifundo begazi nokubona yezimpilo zabo, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthuthukisa izindlela ukuze awabhubhise. Ngakho-ke nezifundo zezentuthwae - isayensi has ungumuntu othile nje obalulekile. Amaphutha izindlela ezimbili ukulawula izinambuzane eziwuhlupho zenzelwe. Okungukuthi ezithile sishaye izitshalo elinezinyoka ezinesihlungu izinto. Le nqubo kunomthelela ukubhujiswa lezi zinambuzane. Nokho, kuyingozi ukuba impilo yabantu. Khumbula ukuthi, okokuqala, nezifundo zezentuthwae - isayensi mabhungane kanye nezinye izinambuzane ezehlukene. Wafunda ngazo izosetshenziselwa ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo esikhathini esizayo.

Ubudlelwano nge tinhlobo letehlukene

Ukuba khona nezifundo zezentuthwae, kungatholakala ezincwadini ezikhethekile nomagazini mayelana inzuzo yayo kanye nentuthuko. Emva ukubukeza lokhu kwaziswa kuba sobala ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo ezithile izinambuzane iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kwaba njalo ezithakazelisayo ukubuka ngokuphila kwezinambuzane phezu ingxenye isayensi. Futhi lwati lolutfolakele umkhuba. bezijabulisa ngokukhethekile idatha observation esusela iphuzu eliwusizo futhi ezincwadini umbono. It kuvela ukuthi ngo kwezinhlobo eziningi mabhungane kukhona izenzakalo ezivamile ezifana parasitism kanye Symbiosis. Esimweni sokuqala - kuba lapho omunye isinambuzane uhlala ngezithukuthuku omunye. In the yesibili - mutual usizo komunye nomunye.

Ngokuvamile ingase izimuncagazi atholakala kokubili Diptera, kanye netinhlobo membranous. Hhayi kanye livele liphuzu lelibalulekile. Ihlala eqinisweni lokuthi ezinye izinhlobo zawo ezidala angase aziphilele ngenxa uhlobo oluthile isinambuzane, nabanye kungenzeka polyphagous. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula. Kwakuba nezikhathi lapho izimuncagazi siphile ngezithukuthuku zabanye, bese sesithathu nesesine. ' Mayelana Symbiosis, lesi simanga Kuye kwaphawulwa phakathi umuhlwa, izintuthwane. Umphakathi ungakwazi ukuhlala nabo nezinye izinhlobo eziningi isinambuzane. ukuphila kwazo sixhumene. Ngakho kwaba khona into ezifana termitofiliya futhi myrmecophily.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko nezifundo zezentuthwae

Kulokhu, lapho kuyizipho eziningana. Nezifundo zezentuthwae - isayensi izinambuzane - nalo ihlukaniswe izigaba eziningana. Ngamunye wabo kuhilela indlela ethile. Kulokhu:

  • Private nezifundo zezentuthwae izinambuzane. Lihlanganisa eyala ezilandelayo:

- melittology (ucwaningo izinyosi).

- Blattopterologiya noma diktiopterologiya (amaphela, izintuthwane).

- Dipterologiya (ucwaningo omiyane nezimpukane).

- Gimenopterologiya (cwaningo lezinyosi, iminyovu, nabagibeli pylilschikov, umuhlwa).

- coleopterology (ucwaningo Coleoptera).

- lepidopterist (ucwaningo Lepidoptera).

- myrmecology (ucwaningo nomuhlwa.

- Odonatologiya (ojekamanzi).

- orthopterology (ucwaningo isikhonyane umndeni, izinyendle).

- Trihopterologiya (ucwaningo caddisflies).

  • Jikelele nezifundo zezentuthwae. Yena study isakhiwo, kwemvelo kanye ukwehluka umsebenzi isinambuzane ukuphila, ukuthuthukiswa ngabanye yazo.
  • Osetshenziswayo nezifundo zezentuthwae. Kuyinto isayensi mayelana nezilwane, okuhlanganisa izindawo eziningana. Ngamunye wabo bunohlamvu nemaloznachimy. okungukuthi:

- Ihlathi nezifundo zezentuthwae.

- Veterinary.

- Medical.

  • Agricultural nezifundo zezentuthwae. Utadisha uhlobo oluthile isinambuzane. Okungukuthi lezo ziyingozi izitshalo, izitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu. Ubuye atadishe izinambuzane ehilelekile impova izitshalo.
  • nezifundo zezentuthwae Forensic. Kulokhu eliyosenza indlela ethile. Lokho, kulesi nezifundo zezentuthwae - isayensi izinambuzane eziphathelene nesayensi-forensic ukuthi ufunda izinhlobo ezingase zivele emzimbeni indoda ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Ngamanye amazwi, ngokusebenzisa isigaba ezahlukene ekuthuthukiseni izibungu blowflies Ungasetha Kusukela saba khona isidumbu. Lokhu nezifundo zezentuthwae - isayensi has izimfuneko ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isidumbu kungekho izibungu noma amaqanda, bese ngokufa amahora angaphezu kwamane edlule. Futhi uma, ukuthi ukubulala ngemuva kwamahora 6-12. Kodwa uma uye usuku, ukuthi izibungu emikhulu kungatholwa emzimbeni. Ngemva 36 h., Bona ukwandisa ngobukhulu. Kodwa uma amasonto amabili zidlulile, pupation sebete. I-China e ezinsukwini zakuqala nezifundo zezentuthwae forensic ekhulwini XIII, baqala ukusebenzisa izibungu impukane ukudalula okubulala.

Zemfundo ephakeme, ukufunda le isayensi

Lapho umuntu enezinkinga ezihambisana ekutadisheni izinambuzane eRussia, nquma zikhungo:

- I-Moscow State University e-Zoological Museum (eMoscow).

- Esifundweni laboratory nezifundo zezentuthwae e Ekude Eastern Yegatsha Russian Academy of Sciences (Biology Isayensi Yenhlabathi). Itholakala emzini Vladivostok.

- I-Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of kwemvelo Morphology). Itholakala eMoscow.

- Institute. Schmalhausen. Itholakala Kiev.

- I-National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Indawo - Kyïv.

- Izinkinga ezihlobene ezamahlathi kanye nezifundo zezentuthwae yezolimo, ukutadisha ngesikhathi Russian Isikhungo Plant Protection. Itholakala edolobheni Petersburg. Futhi njengoba kuzo zonke zemfundo ephakeme, awasalayo ngemva kokuphindela eSoviet Union wahlanganyela esifundweni izitshalo. Kubandakanya e sikhungo umkhakha ucwaningo.

- Izinkinga nezifundo zezentuthwae yezokwelapha nquma Rams. Lokhu Institute zikamalaleveva kanye izifo yisinanakazana.

- Futhi ukufunda idatha aphethwe kwezinye izikhungo. Okungukuthi, ku-German esikoleni Entomological kanye Baltic Institute coleopterology.

Phakathi izikhungo eziningi ephakeme isayensi yokufunda ecacisiwe iminyaka emihlanu sikhethwe mayelana 25 545 izihloko enikelwe nezifundo zezentuthwae.

izikhungo 5 Only lizinga labo. Okungukuthi: University of Florida, California, Riverside Cornell, Davis, Texas A & M.

UMnyango ukutadisha nezifundo zezentuthwae

Ziyakwazi kukhona esiningi. Nokho, ngokuyinhloko zadalwa:

- I Agricultural University, e-Kuban. UMnyango yadalwa ngo-1968.

- ENyuvesi wabo. University of eMoscow ngo-1925, i-Faculty of Biology kanye uMnyango nezifundo zezentuthwae zadalwa lapha.

- ENyuvesi wabo. Timiryazeva (ICCA). UMnyango yadalwa ngo-1920.

- I-Saint-Petersburg State University.

- In Saratov sikhungo ukhathazekile futhi uMnyango nezifundo zezentuthwae yasungulwa. Okungukuthi, in the State kokuLima University. Vavilov.

- Enye uMnyango nezifundo zezentuthwae yasungulwa ngo laseStavropol imfundo ephakeme. Kuyinto State kokuLima University. Vavilov.

Izinhlangano ehilelekile nezifundo zezentuthwae

Ngo-1859, KM Baer futhi Academician Semenov-Tyan Shani wadala umphakathi Russian ukufunda nezifundo zezentuthwae. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet kwaba igama ocacile - ". Zonke-Union Entomological Society"

Lezi zinhlangano zazisekelwe emazweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. okungukuthi:

- France.

- UK.

- Germany (Entomologischer Verein zu eStettin).

- Holland.

- Belgium.

- Russia.

- Melika (eyasungulwa ngo 1867.).

- Philadelphia (1859 is.).

- Canada.

- Italy.

- Cambridge.

- Germany.

Futhi ezinye umphakathi entomological yilezi:

- Ukraine.

- Britain.

- Japan.

- Brazil.

- Argentina.

- Venezuela.

- Spain (Asociación Entomolóxica Galega, Asociación Española de Entomología, Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología (boletín), Sociedad Española de Entomología Aplicada).

- Colombia.

- eMexico.

- eChile.

Kukhona futhi imiphakathi yamazwe ngamazwe: International Society of Hymenopterists, USA, i-International Palaeoentomological Society.

A yaziwa kakhulu International Union for the Study of Social Izinambuzane.

edition

Uhlelo oluyisisekelo oluthi gqwa izincwadi Russian on nesayensi wathi yilezi:

- "Entomological Buyekeza". Lapha icubungulisise ukuchaza ubuqili lesi siqondiso.

- "Zonke-Union Entomological Umphakathi iziNyathelo."

Futhi, zikhona izincwadi:

- Zoosystematica Rossica (1993).

- "Russian Entomological Journal." Waqala ukuba sikhishelwe 1992.

- "Eurasia Entomological Journal" (2002), njll ...

Kuningi zezincazelo esihleliwe izinambuzane Russian Federation iyatholakala ku enomthamo omningi "Russia kanye namazwe eduze (eSoviet Union)." Lolu hlobo izincwadi ezishicilelwe emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke.

isiphetho

Ngemva kokufunda lo mbhalo, wonke umuntu uyokwazi ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi ukufunda nezifundo zezentuthwae, iziphi izici ithinta. Kuyinto kudingekile kuphela ukufunda ngokucophelela osekushiwo. Futhi, ulwazi kungatholakala ngalesi indawo ngokuthi "molbiol". Nezifundo zezentuthwae owayekhona wachaza ngokuningiliziwe. Ngokuvamile singakwazi asitshela lukhulu ngalokhu isayensi. Igcwele eziningi ezithakazelisayo futhi ewusizo esintwini. Into esemqoka - ukuba abe nesithakazelo kule ndawo. Futhi uma ufika uqobo nezifundo zezentuthwae, kuyoba ngempela bezijabulisa futhi isayensi uyafundisa.

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