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Njengoba babehlala abalimi neNkathi ePhakathi? Umlando we abalimi

abantu Modern banombono vaguest ka babehlala kanjani abalimi Ephakathi. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba ukuphila namasiko emzaneni akushintshanga kangako kula makhulu eminyaka adlule.

Ukuvela kwencika izinduna

Igama elithi "Ephakathi" kusebenza kakhulu of Western Europe, ngoba abelapha zonke lezo izenzakalo yabafile ezihlobene nombono Ephakathi. Lona izinqaba, Knights nokuningi. Abalimi lo mphakathi kwadingeka indawo yayo, okuyinto neze washintsha phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amaningana.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-we VIII IX eminyaka. esimweni Frankish (okuyinto united eFrance, eJalimane iningi Italy) kwakukhona revolution ubudlelwane emhlabeni ngabanikazi bomhlaba. Kuye uhlelo amakhosi asendulo, owawungumnyaka isisekelo eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini.

Kings (abanikazi kwamandla ophakeme) wencike ukusekela impi. Ukuze inkonzo nenkosi eseduze wathola iziqeshana enkulu yezwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwaba khona bonkhe eklasini bafundza incwadzi yamakhosi abacebile, okwadingeka izindawo eziningi ngaphakathi isimo. Abalimi ahlala kula mazwe, baba nempahla yabo.

Inani isonto

Omunye umnikazi enkulu izwe esontweni. Holdings Izigodlo uzisibekele amakhilomitha square eziningi. Abalimi wahlala Ephakathi ku emazweni anjalo? Zathola isabelo encane yangasese, futhi ukubuya ezingamaKristu kwakudingeka zisebenzele inani elithile izinsuku endaweni yomnikazi. Kwaba ukuphoqwa kwezomnotho. Kuye abathintekayo cishe wonke amazwe aseYurophu, ngaphandle eScandinavia.

Ibandla esadlala indima ebalulekile ukugqilazwa futhi ukuswela abantu bendawo. Impilo ka-abantu abavamile ukuba kalula ulungise izikhulu zesonto. Abavamile kugxilisa umqondo wokuthi umsebenzi abamnene isonto noma ukudluliselwa komhlaba oboniswa kamuva ukuthi kwenzekani umuntu ngemva ukufa ezulwini.

I phansi abalimi

Kube ngabanikazi bomhlaba izinduna abalimi wonakele cishe bonke of them babephila ekuhluphekeni sigqamile. Lokhu kwakubangelwa izenzakalo eziningana. Ngenxa njalo kwezempi umsebenzi abalimi izinduna anqamuka ezweni lakubo futhi ngingenaso isikhathi ukukwenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emahlombe abo walala ezihlukahlukene izintela wombuso. eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini yayisekelwe kubandlulula okungalungile. Ngokwesibonelo, abalimi babeboshelwe aphakeme izinhlawulo zokwahlulela amacala futhi ukwephula imithetho.

Abantu bendawo zaphucwa ezweni lakubo, kodwa ungalokothi baxoshwa ke. Kwakuyisikhathi umnotho wemvelo oko indlela eyasinda futhi wenze imali. Ngakho-ke amakhosi angaphandle ahlinzekwa abalimi abangenamihlaba ukuthatha izwe kuwo senzuzo ukuzibophezela eziningi, njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla.

precarium

Mshini eyinhloko ukuvela European serfdom kwaba precarium. Ngakho ngashayela ucingo izivumelwano esiphakathi izinduna kanye nabantu abampofu ongumlimi abangenamihlaba. Ngamtshela ukuthi ubunikazi isabelo olimayo eyisibambiso noma ukukhokha irenti, noma enze serfdom njalo. emzaneni Medieval futhi izakhamuzi zakhona za- ngokuvamile ngokuphelele elihlobene ne-izinduna inkontileka precarium (ngokwezwi nezwi okusho "ngesicelo"). Sebenzisa singaniketwa bafundzi iminyaka embalwa noma ngisho nokuphila konke.

Uma ekuqaleni umlimi wazithola kuphela ezweni ngokuvumelana uJehova izinduna noma ibandla, khona-ke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa phansi waphelelwa inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Inqubo kokugqilazwa is phetho isimo ezinzima zomnotho, okuyinto uya dabula edolobhaneni medieval nabakhileyo kuwo.

Amandla kwabanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu

Ompofu, ngubani wayengakwazi ukukhokhela wonke izikweletu kuJehova amakhosi asendulo, ngikutholile izigqila maqondana ayemkweleta, futhi eqinisweni yaphenduka senceku. Sekukonke, lokhu kwaholela yokuthi umhlaba umnotho ezinkulu ukuncela encane. Le nqubo ibizwa futhi lula ukukhula izinduna nomthelela kwezepolitiki. Ngenxa lokuhlushwa enkulu nezinsiza uzibuse esivela enkosini, futhi bakwazi ukukwenza ezweni labo abakufunayo, kungakhathaliseki imithetho. Lapho abalimi phakathi baba sincike izinduna, namandla lakhula ngamandla lakamuva.

Kanjani abalimi wahlala Ephakathi, ngokuvamile kwakuxhomeke futhi ubulungisa. Lolu hlobo lwamandla futhi ezandleni izinduna (ezweni labo). Yilokho okwenza le nkosi ukumemezela amasosha omzimba Duke ezinamandla ikakhulukazi, ukuze iphikisana ne-ke. noMbusi wababusi ekhethwayo kungenzeka ngaphandle kwekubuka igunya central ukuba yahlulele abalimi zabo (ngamanye amagama, impahla yabo).

Amasosha omzimba futhi unelungelo umnikazi ngobukhulu mathupha ukuqoqa wonke amarisidi aya igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini umqhele (izinhlawulo zokwahlulela, izintela nezimali). Futhi waba umholi we abezempi amakhosi asendulo of abalimi kanye amasosha, okwakubekelwa eqoqwe ngesikhathi sempi.

I amasosha omzimba anikezwe iNkosi, wayephakathi kuphela umklamo esisemthethweni kohlelo, ingxenye okwakuwuphawu ngabanikazi bomhlaba amakhosi asendulo. abanikazi elikhulu baye ephethwe amalungelo abo eside ngaphambi kokuthola imvume enkosini ukuba ngingabikho. Amasosha omzimba kuphela wayala zomthetho lapho wadlulisela ukuphila abalimi.

patrimony

Ngaphambi kwakukhona revolution ubudlelwane ezweni core ibhizinisi iyunithi Western Europe kwaba yomphakathi wasemaphandleni. Njengoba babenjalo ngokuthi amagama. Imiphakathi wahlala ngokukhululeka, kodwa ekuqa- le VIII IX eminyaka, abathola bengasekho. Endaweni yabo baba fiefdoms yabakhulu enamandla, azithoba inqaba omphakathi.

Babekwazi zihluke kakhulu e oyiyo, kuncike esifundeni. Ngokwesibonelo, enyakatho yeFrance, emafeni amakhulu Kwasakazwa, ezazihlanganisa imizana eminingana. Ngo izifundazwe zaseningizimu isimo jikelele we Frankish eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini edolobhaneni babehlala izigodi ezincane, okungase kube kungagcini amayadi angu kweshumi. Lesi sigaba lezifunda European wahlala, wadonsa kwaze kwaba ukwehluleka kohlelo amakhosi asendulo.

Isakhiwo patrimony

patrimony Classical wawuhlukaniswe waba yizingxenye ezimbili. Eyokuqala yalezi kwaba isizinda yenkosi, lapho abalimi wasebenza izinsuku ngokuqinile ezithile, ukukhonza umsebenzi walo. Ingxenye yesibili kuhlanganisiwe ngamamitha abahlali yasemakhaya, ngenxa okuyinto baba sincike kuJehova amakhosi asendulo.

Labor abalimi ngempela esetshenziswa Manor, okuyinto, njengoba umthetho, laliyisikhungo izigodi futhi Manor isabelo. Yayihlanganisa ekhaya futhi ingadi, lapho kube khona ehlukahlukene kwezohwebo izakhiwo, nezingadi, amasimu ezithelo, izivini (uma uvunyelwe sezulu). Futhi sasebenza lapha izingcweti Manor, ngaphandle okuyinto futhi zomninindawo ongawenza. KaZuma futhi ngokuvamile kube isigayo kanye esontweni. Konke lokhu kwakubhekwa njengobufakazi impahla uJehova amakhosi asendulo. Yini possessed abalimi Ephakathi, kwaba kumasayithi yakhe, okungase kube iziza intermingled nge zomninindawo elise.

abasebenzi oncikile yasemakhaya kwakudingeka basebenze ezindaweni kaJehova izinduna nge yokusungula yakho, kanye kufanelekile lapha izinkomo zabo. Ngaphansi Balisebenzisa ziyizigqila yangempela (lesi sendlalelo yezenhlalakahle lincane kakhulu ngobukhulu).

Iziza abalimi olimekayo side by side nomunye. Babefanele yokusebenzisa umhlaba ezivamile yenziwe amadlelo emfuyo (lokhu isiko uye wahlala khulula isikhathi umphakathi). Pilo lo collective ukuthi kulawulwa umhlangano emzaneni. Kwakuthinta Usihlalo imeya, wakhethwa uJehova amakhosi asendulo.

ukulima bezinga Ikakhulukazi

Esikhathini lapho kudabuka khona lolu linqoba ukulimela ukuziphilisa. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ukuthuthukiswa ongaphakeme amabutho ithele emaphandleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, edolobhaneni kwakukhona nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi phakathi abalimi kanye netingcweti temsebenti ukuthi ngingakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza yayo. Okungukuthi izikebhe ekhaya umsebenzi ubonakele njengoba side effect wezolimo.

abalimi oncikile kanye netingcweti temsebenti enikeziwe nkosi izingubo ezahlukene, nezicathulo, kanye nezinto ezidingekayo. Yini ikhiqizwa okwazalelwa, ingxenye enkulu iye yasetshenziswa ukusingatha egcekeni futhi kuyaqabukela kwisichasiso siqu serfs.

ukuhweba ongumlimi

Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela kujikeleta kwetimphahla ingathiyeki ukuhweba. Nokho, iphutha ukusho ukuthi kwakungeyona neze, futhi abalimi akazange iqhaza kuwo. Kwakukhona izimakethe, Fairs, kanye nokusakazwa imali. Nokho, konke lokhu akuphazamisi impilo nasemizaneni izigodi. I abalimi babengenakwenza ngokunye ngaphandle esebenzisa khona ezimele, kanye ukuhweba ababuthaka cha lamula them sikhokhele izinduna.

Ukuqhutshwa kusuka ukuhweba, wathenga edolobhaneni, abakwazanga ukukhiqiza ngokwabo. Izinduna wathenga usawoti, izikhali, kanye ebukhazikhazini ngezikhathi ezithile ezingase zilethe abathengisi phesheya. Izakhamuzi kulezi ukuthengiselana awazange abathintekayo. Okungukuthi ukuhweba ukwanelisa kuphela izithakazelo kanye nezidingo labasetulu emincane umphakathi, okuyinto ube nemali engaphezulu.

umbhikisho ongumlimi

Kanjani abalimi wahlala Ephakathi kwakuxhomeke ubukhulu okubafaneleyo, ekhokhwa kuJehova amakhosi asendulo. Ngokuvamile, wanika yomusa. Kungaba ukolweni, ufulawa lisho ubhiya, iwayini, inyama yenkukhu, amaqanda noma yezandla.

Bokuhlukaniswa impahla izinsalela okubangelwa abalimi lokubhikisha. Wayengabizwa uzwakalise ngeendlela ezihlukeneko. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu bendawo lapho ebalekela lwabacindezeli babo noma okuhleliwe nezibhelu okukhulu. olwathatha ongumlimi, isikhathi ngasinye wanqoba ngenxa iletha, kwehlukana kanye nokuntuleka inhlangano. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bona ngisho kwaholela eqinisweni ukuba izinduna wazama ukulungisa inani imisebenzi ukuyeka ukukhula yabo futhi bandise ukunganeliseki phakathi serfs.

Ukunqatshwa ubudlelwane izinduna

Umlando we abalimi Ephakathi - kuyinto ngxabano njalo abanikazi bamazwe enkulu, ne impumelelo obuhlukahlukene. Lezi ubudlelwano avele e-Europe ku emanxiweni umphakathi lasendulo, lapho wabusa umuntu ebugqilini classical, ngokucacile kakhulu obonakaliswe wonke uMbuso WaseRoma.

Ukunqatshwa uhlelo amakhosi asendulo futhi ukugqilazwa abalimi eyenzekile ezikhathini zanamuhla. Waba nesandla ekuthuthukiseni umnotho (umkhakha ukukhanya ngokuyinhloko), inguquko kwezezimboni futhi ngokufuduka emadolobheni. Futhi ku Ephakathi ezikhathini zanamuhla baphendukela yokucwaswa neyobuntu wanqoba e-Europe, okuyinto wafaka inkululeko yabo ekuqaleni kwazo zonke ezinye.

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