Kuyini ammonia? Formula izakhiwo kanye ammonia

Ammonia - kwakwakhe iwumthombo obalulekile nitrogen ngoba izinto eziphilayo, futhi bathole isicelo kulezo zimboni. Yini i-ammonia, iziphi izakhiwo zalo? Asivume.

Kuyini ammonia: eyisisekelo izici

Ammonia (nitride komsele) - kwakwakhe nitrogen ne-hydrogen, kokuba ifomula amakhemikhali NH _3. Ukuma kwe-molecule sifana iphiramidi trigonal, vertex okuyinto athomu nitrogen.

Ammonia yigesi abangenalo umbala, kodwa kokuba iphunga othize abukhali. ammonia ukuminyana lingaphansi cishe amabili izikhathi kuka kwabantu emoyeni. At lokushisa 15 ^o C kuba 0,73 kg / m ^3. Ubuningi ammonia liquid ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile kuyinto 686 kg / m ^3. Isisindo yamangqamuzana we ketshezi - 17.2 g / imvukuzane. Isici ehlukile ammonia kuyinto solubility yaso ephezulu emanzini. Ngakho, ezingeni lokushisa 0 ° C sifinyelela ukubaluleka lukhulu ngokukwazi 1200 endaweni umthamo wamanzi ngesikhathi 20 ° C - amavolumu 700. Isixazululo of "ammonia - amanzi" (amanzi ammonia) has a ukuphendula kancane ane-alikhali futhi angabacwasi impahla esiyingqayizivele kuqhathaniswa nezinye alkalis: nge emakamu obandayo density kuyehla.

Kanjani ukukhiqiza ammonia?

Kuyini ammonia emzimbeni womuntu? Kuyinto umkhiqizo ekupheleni nitrogen umzimba. Ingxenye enkulu kwesibindi ukuguqula urea (carbamide) - ngaphansi into enobuthi.

Ammonia e imvelo ezakhiwe yokubola organic compounds equkethe nitrogen. Ngokusebenzisa e umkhakha kuyinto into etholakale synthetically.

Ukulungiselela ammonia ezimweni ezimbonini kanye laboratory

ammonia ngokuphakeme ezimbonini ezivezwa zamagama okhanda amanye amathuba kusuka nitrogen ne-hydrogen:

N ₂ + 3H ₂ → 2NH3 + Q.

Inqubo yokuthola ketshezi Kwenziwa ezingeni lokushisa 500 ° C futhi ingcindezi 350 atm. Njengoba lisetshenziswe ukungena nakwamanye amazwe yensimbi kulethe. I-ammonia okuholela isuswa lwaluyophola. Nitrogen ne-hydrogen okuyinto akashongo phinda synthesis.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri, ammonia yalungiswa ngokuyisisekelo ngu ababuthakathaka amalahle ingxube ehlanganisa ammonium chloride futhi lime hydrated:

2NH ₄ Cl + Ca (OH) ₂ → CaCl ₂ + 2NH ₃ ↑ + 2H ₂ O.

Ulungele nkinga kwakwakhe is badabula ingxube lime kanye sodium hydroxide. Enough ammonia ezomile ingalungiswa ngu Ukuqedwa sodium metal therein kanye ziphuzo zazihluzwa okwalandela.

Lapho ammonia isetshenziswa?

hydrogen nitride kabanzi lisetshenziswe zimboni. izindodla ke asetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe nitric acid kanye nomanyolo ehlukahlukene (urea, ammonium nitrate, njll), nokunye okuningi, hydrocyanic acid, i-sodium, ammonium nosawoti, nezinye izinhlobo ukukhiqizwa zamakhemikhali.

Ekukhanyeni umkhakha izakhiwo ammonia esetshenziselwa ukuhlanza futhi staining izindwangu ezifana usilika, uboya ukotini. Esikhathini umkhakha steel, isetshenziswa ukwandisa steel ubulukhuni ngu ukugcwaliswa nge ebusweni izingqimba ne-nitrogen eningi. Esikhathini umkhakha Petrochemical usebenzisa i-hydrogen nitride neutralized imfucumfucu ene-asidi.

Ngenxa izakhiwo zabo thermodynamic, uketshezi ammonia isetshenziswa njengophawu refrigerant e umshini ifriji.

Isixazululo hydrogen nitride (ammonia) isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha sokuhoxiswa nakwisyncope, ukuhlanza ukushukuma, ukuze kwelashwe abasebenzi bezokwelapha izandla, ukulunywa yizinambuzane, kanjalonjalo.

Ezinye izakhiwo chemical ammonia

Nitride hydrogen elinesimo umsebenzi kuqhathaniswa okusezingeni eliphezulu zamakhemikhali kungaba asabela nge izinto eziningi.

Lapho ammonia ihlangana acid ukunikeza elihambisana ammonium usawoti. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, nge ukuphendula nitric acid Kumiswa ammonium nitrate :

NH ₃ + HNO ₃ → NH ₄ NO _3.

Lapho uxhumana ne HCl kwakhiwa ammonium chloride:

NH ₃ + HCl → NH ₄ Cl.

Ammonium nosawoti abaqinile crystalline izinto, ukubola amanzi nokuba izakhiwo umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya zensimbi. Solutions zezakhi ezakhiwe ukusabela ammonia ne acid esinamandla ukusabela kancane acid.

Ngenxa athomu nitrogen kuyinto asebenzayo hydrogen nitride reductant. Ukunciphisa izakhiwo manifest yayo lapho sishiswa ngakho. Lapho kushiswe isimo-mpilo, it yakha nitrogen namanzi. Phambi catalysts ukusabela nge-oksijini inikeza a oxide nitrogen. hydrogen Nitride unekhono alulame izinsimbi kusuka oxides.

Halides ukusabela-ammonia ukwakha nitrogen halides - iziqhumane yingozi. Ngendlela esisabela ngayo acid carboxylic futhi yabo nemikhiqizo nitride ifomu hydrogen amides. Ngo ukusabela nge amalahle (at 1000 ° C) ne-methane inikeza prussic acid.

Njengoba metal ion ukwakha izakhiwo acid, i-ammonia, ammoniates noma (kwakwakhe eziyinkimbinkimbi) kokuba isici isici: athomu nitrogen njalo eziboshiwe kuya kuma-atom ezintathu-hydrogen. Ngenxa yalokho izinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi umbala izinto. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, isixazululo blue we sulfate zethusi ngokwengeza hydrogen nitride ezidinga umbala okukhulu blue-purple. Eziningi zalezi izakhiwo acid ifa ukuzinza okwanele. Ngenxa yalokhu ingalungiswa ngefomu okuqinile.

I-ammonia liquid kahle encibilikayo kokubili ionic futhi okungezona polar organic compounds kanye wezinto ezingaphili.

Kutfutfwa kwemangcoliso izici

Ammonia kungokwalabo wesine class of ingozi. Ubuningi ovumelekile esiphezulu yesikhathi esisodwa okuhlushwa (i-MAC) emoyeni nemizana kuyinto 0.2 mg / m ^3, isilinganiso - 0.04. Esikhathini ukusebenza indawo emoyeni ammonia okuqukethwe akufanele futhi iyophakama kuno-20 mg / m³. Ngezinye lokuhlala ezinjalo iphunga izidakamizwa is hhayi wazizwa. olfaction womuntu okungaguquki ke uqala at 37 mg / m³. Okusho ukuthi, uma i-ammonia iphunga wazizwa, okusho ukuthi imikhawulo kuvunyelwe okwatholakala sisemoyeni kakhulu kudlulwe.

Umthelela emzimbeni womuntu

Kuyini ammonia ngokuya ukuchayeka womuntu? It toxicant. Libhekisela into okwazi ezikhandla angafi futhi neurotropic isinyathelo, ubuthi ephefumula okungaholela edema yamaphaphu futhi ukulimala isimiso sezinzwa.

Ammonia evala abakucasulayo umphumela esikhumbeni, nolwelwesi lwamafinyila samehlo izitho zokuphefumula. I lokuhlushwa izidakamizwa esizibonakalisa emphinjeni ngokucasuka kuyinto 280 mg cc ngayinye. imitha iso - 490 mg ngayinye cubic metres. imitha. Kuye inani hydrogen ku nitride emoyeni singenzeka umphimbo obuhlungu, ukuphefumula basebenzile, ukukhwehlela, ubuhlungu iso, lacrimation ngokweqile, amakhemikhali ezishile cornea, umbono ukulahlekelwa. Lapho okuqukethwe ammonia 1.5 g cu ngayinye. imitha ngalinye ihora anobuthi edema yamaphaphu eba. Lapho contact ammonia liquid izixazululo yayo (e lokuhlala eliphezulu) kusukela kungenzeka isikhumba ububomvu, ukulunywa, ukushiswa nokuphangwa dermatitis. Njengoba uketshezi nitride komsele ubamba ukushisa ngesikhathi ukuhwamuka zingenzeka frostbite obuhlukahlukene degrees.

ammonia ubuthi Izimpawu

Kobuthi idatha toxicant kungadala ukwehla kokuzwa nombundu, isicanucanu, isiyezi, ubuhlungu bekhanda, nokunjalo. Kukhona noshintsho ekuziphatheni, ziyaluza ethile eqinile, delirium. Ukubonakaliswa izimpawu kwezinye izimo kuyinto ngakanye. Zingase ume isikhashana bese uqalisiwe ngomfutho ovuselelwe.

Ikhumbula zonke engaba ukuchayeka ammonia, kubalulekile ukuba sithathe izinyathelo uma ukusebenza ngalolu ketshezi futhi ukuba ungeqi lokuhlushwa emoyeni.