Ocean eningizimu

Kuyini olwandle? Ocean - a amanzi global igobolondo Zomhlaba, oluzungeze amazwekazi neziqhingi. Engamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-ayisikhombisa (ukuba ngqo, 71%) we ebusweni Umhlaba imbozwe izilwandle. Kuyini olwandle? Amazwekazi neziqhingi enkulu izilwandle zomhlaba zihlukaniswe izingxenye ezinhlanu. On amabalazwe akhiqizwa Russian Federation, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ngeke uthole Southern Ocean. Nokho, ngo-2000, i-International lokuhlola amanzi Union bamukela isinqumo division of the isikhala amanzi emhlabeni ku izilwandle ezinhlanu. Akwaziwa emhlabeni Pacific, Indian, Atlantic futhi Arctic ungeze Southern Ocean. Kungani-ke kulolu hlu? Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi yomngcele oseningizimu-Atlantic, yePacific Oceans Indian kukhona sasivumela ezivamile, amanzi eyayiseduze Antarctica, babe izakhiwo ezithile. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi isinqumo International lokuhlola amanzi Union engakaze izibophezele.

Isikhala sokusebenza Somqulu futhi s i emngceleni osenyakatho, okuyinto kubhekwa Antarctic Convergence zone (zone tekuhlangani surface imisinga). Ezinye oceanographers, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi umngcele ezingokomzimba Isikhala sokusebenza Somqulu zithé kuya enyakatho, okungukuthi arc kusukela engxenyeni eseningizimu Tierra del Fuego eNingizimu Afrika. endaweni yayo ingaphezu 76 kwezigidi ezingu amakhilomitha square, lo we South Sandwich Trench ukujula ngobukhulu elinganisiwe imayelana 8428 amamitha.

Eyokuqala echazwe Southern Ocean ngo 1650. I sokuma Dutch B. Varenius. Kamuva, ekhulwini le-18, ke eqala ukufunda esifundeni.

Ngo-1845, i-London-Royal Society Geographical okunikelwe yonke isikhala, elinganiselwe eseningizimu umbuthano polar luqhubeke afika kuleli zwekazi lase-Antarctic, ngokuthi Southern-Arctic Ocean. Isikhala sokusebenza Somqulu in imibhalo nokuhlakanipha kwe-International lokuhlola amanzi Inhlangano ahlukanisa ngo-1937 nePacific, Atlantic ne-Indian Nokho, kamuva ukuba uyekwe.

Kusukela umlando isifundo sokusebenza Somqulu kuyaziwa ukuthi umkhumbi kuqala, okuyinto ewela e 1559 eseningizimu umbuthano polar, kwaba umkhumbi Dutch iphansi kwesandla sika-Dirk Geerittsa, ilungu isigaba kaJakobe Magyu. D. Geerittsa umkhumbi e Strait of Magellan kulandela ukuhlasela kwesiphepho eqinile wayeshonelwe emehlweni isigaba, waya eningizimu. Ukuwelwa ukuba cishe 64 ° latitude eningizimu, umyalo wabona ephakeme.

Ngo-1772, unyaka we-Great Britain samuka kumkhankaso lwawo lokuqala olwandle Nenkabazwe oseningizimu wamazwe odumile D. Cook, futhi ekuqaleni konyaka 1773rd, imikhumbi yakhe ababili befika eningizimu umbuthano polar. Nokho, ngemva kwempi yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba nge ice, babuyela emuva. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa Cook futhi waya Southern Ocean, kanye 8 Disemba 1773 hit eningizimu ye-Arctic Circle, kodwa umkhumbi wawususukile ice zatort. Nokho, ekhulula ama-ice lokuthunjwa, futhi waqhubekela phambili eningizimu. Kodwa futhi ke kwamiswa ludonga abangenakudlula ice, okuyinto ayivunyelwe ukwenza okungaphezu kwalokhu. Ngo bomkhankaso yesibili eSouth Pole Cook kabili ewela i-Antarctic Circle, futhi wayeqiniseka ngokuthi lenqwaba zeqhwa ubonisa ukuthi izidingo ngaphezulu njengezwekazi abalulekile Antarctic. ulwandle uhambo yayo polar bomkhankaso kusobala ngakho futhi sichazwe ngokucacile ukuthi abangaphezu kuka ubani, ngaphandle whalers yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba, isikhathi eside akazange olokotha aye kulezo zindawo futhi awahlole.

Ngo-June 1819 wabahloli Russian Bellingshausen futhi Mikhail Lazarev waqhubeka ezimbili sloops yempi kusukela Kronstadt maqondana Southern Ocean. Basukile ngaphesheya eningizimu ye-Arctic Circle, wadlula khona ngasempumalanga, ngoJanuwari 1821, wavula esiqhingini uPetru mina, futhi kamuva ngo-January ka-1820 - Earth Alexander I. Lolu hambo elaliholwa Bellingshausen wenza useyili lokuqala eliphelele encane ngomkhumbi izinkantolo emhlabeni Antarctica, evulekile ngalesi uhambo zasolwandle ngokwesayensi.