Electrolyte: izibonelo. Ukwakheka nezakhiwo electrolyte. electrolyte abanamandla nababuthaka

Electrolyte kukhona amakhemikhali aziwayo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Nokho, ezindaweni eziningi kwesicelo yabo, baye bayinqoba muva. Sizoxoxa kuqala ukuze umkhakha ukusetshenziswa kwalezi izinto futhi siyowuqonda ukuthi esikhathini esidlule iyona samanje, futhi ihluke nomunye. Kodwa siqale nge akanhlanhlatsi ku umlando.

indaba

Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke eyaziwa electrolyte - usawoti acid ivuliwe ngisho endulo. Nokho, kuvisisa sakhiwo nezakhiwo electrolyte ziye zashintsha njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka. Theory lezi zinqubo ziye zashintsha njengoba 1880, waba lapho eziningana okutholakele, imibono ezihlobene izakhiwo electrolyte. Kwakukhona eziningana intuthuko quantum imibono echaza izindlela ukuxhumana we electrolyte ngamanzi (eqinisweni kuphela isixazululo bona uthole izakhiwo ukuthi ukusebenzisa kwabo embonini).

Manje sizobona kahle imibono eziningana eziye nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imiqondo of electrolyte kanye nezici zabo. Asiqale nemfundiso ezivamile futhi elula, ukuthi ngamunye wayethatha esikoleni.

Arrhenius imfundiso yokuziphendukela dissociation electrolytic

Ngo-1887 lapho umthaki wemithi Swedish Svante Arrhenius futhi Usokhemisi waseRussia-German Wilhelm Ostwald ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela dissociation electrolytic. Nokho, nalapha futhi, kunjalo elula cha. Arrhenius uqobo kwaba umsekeli okuthiwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela ngokomzimba izisombululo okuyinto musa acabangele ukuxhumana kwezingxenye unesimo amanzi athi kukhona khulula izinhlayiya icala (ion) e isixazululo. By endleleni, kusukela izikhundla ezinjalo namuhla bacabanga dissociation electrolytic lesikole.

Sikhuluma zonke efanayo eyenza le nkolelo-mbono futhi sichaza indlela lo mshini nokuxhumana izinto ngamanzi. Njenganoma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi, it has postulates eziningana nokuthi isebenzisa:

1. ukuphendula amanzi ngalolu ketshezi disintegrates ku ion (positive - nemibi seka - anion). Lezi zinhlayiya babhekana hydration bona ukuheha amanzi molecule okuyinto ngenhlanhla ibalwa njalo ngosuku ngaphezu isandla esisodwa kahle futhi ngakolunye - ezimbi (dipole kwakhiwa) ukwakha e aqua izakhiwo (solvates).

2. Inqubo dissociation esethola - okuwukuthi, uma izidakamizwa ihlukaniselwe ion, ngaphansi kwethonya iyiphi isici, kungase futhi ube umthombo.

3. Uma electrode Connect ikhambi bese uyeke wamanje, cations uzoqala ukuze udlulele electrode negative - the cathode futhi anions kuya kahle icala - anode. Yingakho izinto zitholakala kalula oncibilikayo emanzini, ukuqhuba ugesi ungcono amanzi uqobo. Ngesizathu esifanayo bebizwa electrolyte.

4. I degree of dissociation of electrolyte ephawula iphesenti izidakamizwa ngaphansi nokonakala. Lokhu kulinganisela kuncike kuphela futhi izakhiwo solute, emakamu wale mithandazo futhi izinga lokushisa kwangaphandle.

Lapha, wonke Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo lo mbono elula Eqinisweni, futhi. Kubo sizosebenzisa kulesi sihloko ukuze uthole incazelo yokuthi yini eyenzekayo isixazululo electrolyte. Izibonelo lezi zakhi Ake sihlole kwesikhashana, futhi manje ake sihlole omunye umbono.

Theory acid kanye Lewis lezisekelo

Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela dissociation electrolytic, acid - into ekhona isixazululo kabani hydrogen seka futhi base - kwakwakhe ubola e ikhambi anion hydroxide. Kukhona omunye umbono, yaqanjwa wemithi odumile Gilbert Lewis. It ikuvumela ukuba wandise nomqondo acid eziningana lezisekelo. Ngokwe-theory Lewis, i-asidi - iyona ion noma molecule izinto babe khulula electron orbitals futhi bayakwazi ukwamukela electron kusuka kwenye i-molecule. Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi izisekelo kuyoba yilabo izinhlayiya ukuthi bayakwazi ukunikeza okukodwa noma ngaphezulu ama-electron yayo ukuba 'asebenzise "acid. Kuyathakazelisa lapha wukuthi acid noma isizinda kungenzeka hhayi kuphela electrolyte kodwa futhi iyiphi into ukuthi ngisho zingaxazululeki emanzini.

ithiyori Protolytic Brendsteda Lowry

Ngo-1923, ngayodwana, ososayensi ababili - J. futhi imfundiso T. Lowry Bronsted -predlozhili, okuyinto manje isiphethwe ezisetshenziswa ososayensi ukuchaza izinqubo zamakhemikhali. Ingqikithi yalo mbono ukuthi dissociation okushiwo zehla ukuba yokudlulisa i-proton kusukela base acid. Ngakho, mithandazo kuqondwe lapha njengoba acceptor proton. Khona-ke acid donor yabo. Imfundiso futhi uchaza ukuba khona izinto ezinhle ukuthi abonise izakhiwo kanye acid lezisekelo. compounds maKristu abizwa amphoteric. Okwazekayo Bronsted-Lowry term yabo kusebenza ampholytes, kuyilapho acid noma isizinda evame ukubizwa ngokuthi protoliths.

Sizé esigabeni esilandelayo. Lapha sizokubonisa ukuthi electrolyte ezahlukene abanamandla nababuthaka, futhi nixoxe umthelela izici zangaphandle kuzakhiwo zalo. Bese ukuqhubekela incazelo kwesicelo kwabo okuwusizo.

electrolyte abanamandla nababuthaka

izidakamizwa ngamunye uzizwa ngendlela ngamanzi kuphela. Ezinye chaza kahle (isib, i-sodium chloride), kanti ezinye musa chaza (isib, wokulinganisa). Ngakho, bonke izinto zihlukaniswe electrolyte abanamandla nababuthaka. I yamuva ayizona izinto basebenzisane kahle ngamanzi imali kwi phansi isixazululo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngezinga elithile ongaphakeme kakhulu dissociation izibopho amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu, okuvumela i-molecule ye iba yingxenye yomhlabathi ku ingxenye yayo ion ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Dissociation electrolyte ababuthakathaka kwenzeka noma kancane noma ngokwandisa lokushisa kanye lokuhlushwa ketshezi isixazululo.

Khuluma electrolyte eqinile. Lezi zihlanganisa zonke nosawoti encibilikayo, kanye acid eqinile futhi alkalis. Ziyakwazi kulula ukuba ngivule ku ion futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuqoqa nabo imvula. I samanje electrolyte, ngenhlanhla Kwenziwa sibonga ion eziqukethwe isixazululo. Ngakho-ke, okungcono conductive electrolyte eqinile. Izibonelo incwadi: acid eqinile, alkalis, usawoti encibilikayo.

Izimo letitsintsa ukuziphatha electrolyte

Manje sibheke ukuthi ukuguqulwa kuthinta imvelo yangaphandle phezu izakhiwo izinto. Ubuningi oluthinta ngqo degree of dissociation we electrolyte. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lobu buhlobo ungaboniswa izibalo. Umthetho echaza lobu buhlobo, ngokuthi umthetho dilution ka Ostwald futhi ibhalwe kanje: a = (K / c) 1/2. Lapha, i-- kuyinto degree of dissociation (lithathwe njengendlela ingxenyenamba), K - dissociation njalo, ezahlukene impahla ngayinye, futhi - emakamu electrolyte ikhambi. Ngokusho kule formula, ungafunda okuningi mayelana daba nokuziphatha yayo isixazululo.

Kodwa siye wanhlanhlatha isihloko. okuhlushwa elingezelelako degree of dissociation of electrolyte sithinta lokushisa. Ukuze izinto kakhulu ukwandisa it kwandisa solubility futhi reactivity. Lokhu kungase kuchaze lesi okuvela ukusabela ezithile kuphela lokushisa eliphakeme. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, ngabe kancane kakhulu, noma zombili izinkomba (le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi esethola).

Sesihlole ezinquma ukuthi ukuziphatha uhlelo ezifana ikhambi electrolyte. Manje thina uqhubekela ngokoqobo lezi, ngaphandle kokungabaza, kubaluleke kakhulu ikhemikhali.

isicelo zezimboni

Yiqiniso, wonke umuntu oye wezwa kuBaba futhi igama elithi "electrolyte" njengoba lisetshenziswa amabhethri. Ngo imoto usebenzisa amabhethri lead-acid, i-electrolyte lapho wenza indima amaphesenti angu-40-sulfuric acid. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani kukhona okudingayo into edingekayo ukuze siqonde izici ibhethri.

Ngakho-ke yini isimiso nokuqhutshwa ibhethri? Ekusabeleni esethola eyabe isifika ukuguqulwa sokuthi unesimo kwenye, ngenxa electron zikhishwa. Lapho ukuxhumana kwebhethri kwenzeka izinto, okuyinto engenakwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Lokhu kungenziwa imelelwa ekuqongeleleni amandla asendabeni ngenxa yokusabela chemical. Lapho ukudedela ushintsho reverse iqala, ekunciphiseni uhlelo esimweni saso sokuqala. Lezi zinqubo ezimbili ndawonye bakha omunye umjikelezo icala uze uphele du.

Cabanga inqubo okungenhla isibonelo esikhethekile - ibhethri nomthofu-acid. Njengoba kulula ukuqagela, umthombo zamanje siqukethe isici, ehlanganisa sengisiza (diokisd phambili futhi PBO ₂₎ kanye acid. Noma yimuphi ibhethri siqukethe le electrode futhi isikhala esiphakathi kwawo egcwele nje electrolyte. Njengoba yokugcina, njengoba sesibonile, kulesi sibonelo isebenzisa sulfuric acid okuhlushwa angu-40. I cathode sebhetri wenza kusukela dioxide phambili, i-anode senziwa lomthofu okumsulwa. Konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi electrode ezimbili ezihlukene zenzeka ukusabela esethola ezihilela ion ukuthi kukhona dissociated acid:

1. PBO ₂ + SO ₄ ^{2- + 4H + 2e - =} PbSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O (ukusabela ezenzeka electrode negative - cathode).
2. PB + SO ₄ ^{2- -} 2e - = PbSO ₄ (ukusabela ezenzeka electrode omuhle - the anode).

Uma ufunda ukusabela kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla - uthole izinqubo ezenzeka ngesikhathi khulula battery, futhi uma kungenzeka khona - at nezindleko. Ngamunye umthombo chemical wamanje lezi ukusabela ihlukile, kodwa lo mshini nesenzakalo yabo ngokuvamile uchaza okufanayo: kukhona izinqubo ezimbili, enye yazo-electron kuthiwa "ugxile" kanye nezinye, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "ukuba ahambe." Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi inani electron ugxile zilingane nesibalo ishicilelwe.

Empeleni, ngaphandle amabhethri, zikhona izicelo eziningi zalezi izinto. Ngokuvamile, electrolyte, izibonelo zazo sikunike, - kuyinto nje wokusanhlamvu ezihlukahlukene izinto bamunye ngaphansi leli gama. Bona ezisizungezile yonke indawo, yonke indawo. Ngokwesibonelo, umzimba womuntu. Ucabanga azikho izinto ezinjalo? okungalungile kakhulu. Lapho betholakala khona yonke indawo kithi bakha yisibalo esikhulu sabasebenzi esingakaze igazi electrolyte. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, yensimbi ion, okuyiwona ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu-hemoglobin futhi usiza ahambisa umoya-mpilo ezicutshini zomzimba wethu. Igazi electrolyte futhi ukudlala indima ebalulekile ukulawulwa kwamanzi-usawoti ukulinganisela umsebenzi inhliziyo. Lomsebenzi wenziwa potassium ion kanye sodium (kukhona ngisho izinqubo ezenzeka amaseli abashiwo potassium-sodium futha).

Noma yini esaluketshezi ukuthi yakwazi ukuncibilikisa okungenani kancane - electrolyte. Futhi akukho umkhakha futhi ezimpilweni zethu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswe. Akukhona nje kuphela amabhethri ngezimoto namabhethri. Ingabe iyiphi ikhemikhali nokudla processing, izimboni lempi, ingubo izimboni kanye nokunye.

Ukwakheka electrolyte, ngasendleleni, lihlukile. Ngakho, kungenzeka izonikezwa electrolyte acid futhi ane-alikhali. Ziyahlukahluka ngokuyinhloko ezakhiweni zabo: njengoba sishilo, acid kukhona abanikeli proton, futhi alikhali - acceptors. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinguquko electrolyte Ukwakheka ngenxa ukulahlekelwa yingxenye lokuhlushwa izidakamizwa noma kunciphisa noma ukhushulelwa (konke kuncike kulokho kulahleka, amanzi noma electrolyte).

Nsuku zonke sibhekana, kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abantu bazi kahle incazelo kwethemu ezifana electrolyte. Izibonelo izinto ezithile saxoxa, ngakho ake ukuthuthela kancane imiqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izakhiwo electrolyte

Manje physics. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuba baqonde ekuhloleni lesi sihloko - wamanje is wadlulela electrolyte. indima juqu kule eyadlalwa ion. Lezi zinhlayiya icala kungenzeka uthuthe kusuka kwenye ingxenye yesixazululo icala kwenye. Ngakho, anions bavame njalo kuya electrode omuhle futhi cations - kuya negative. Ngakho, ngokwenza lo kagesi isixazululo zamanje, thina ukwehlukana amacala ezinhlangothini ezihlukene kohlelo.

izici ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ngokomzimba ezifana kwabantu. Kuthinta izakhiwo eziningi ezibangela yethu okuxoxwa ngalo. Futhi ngokuvamile pops lo mbuzo: "? Kanjani ukwandisa kwabantu electrolyte" Empeleni, impendulo ilula: kubalulekile ukuba wehlise okuqukethwe amanzi yesixazululo. Kusukela kwabantu electrolyte ikakhulu kunqunywa kwabantu sulfuric acid, ikakhulukazi incike lokuhlushwa sokugcina. Kunezindlela ezimbili ukuqhuba uhlelo lwezokuphepha. Eyokuqala ulula: Bilisa electrolyte eziqukethwe ibhethri. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kudingeka ukushaja ukuze lokushisa ngaphakathi rose kancane ngenhla eziyikhulu degrees Celsius. Uma le ndlela akusebenzi, ungakhathazeki, kunesinye: umane esikhundleni electrolyte entsha ubudala. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sokukhipha isixazululo ubudala ukuhlanza ingaphakathi we asalile sulfuric acid emanzini distilled, bese uthele ingxenye entsha. Ngokuvamile, izinga izixazululo electrolyte ngokushesha abe oyifunayo lokuhlushwa value. Ngemva esikhundleni ungakwazi bayakhohlwa ukuthi ukukhulisa kwabantu electrolyte.

Ukwakheka electrolyte kakhulu inquma impahla yayo. Izici ezifana conductivity kagesi kanye kwabantu, isibonelo, kakhulu zincike ubunjalo solute okuhlushwa yayo. Kukhona umbuzo ahlukene kangakanani we electrolyte e ibhethri kungaba. Eqinisweni, umthamo yayo kuhlobene amandla limenyezelwe komkhiqizo. Lapho sulfuric acid ngaphakathi ibhethri, ngakho-ke unamandla kakhulu, t. E. voltage ngaphezulu uyakwazi ukukhiqiza.

Likuphi ziwusizo?

Uma Umthandi womculo imoto noma nje nesithakazelo izimoto, wenza kanjalo uyokuqonda konke wena. Kanti anizazeli yini ngisho ukwazi ukuthi ukuthola indlela electrolyte kakhulu ibhethri manje. Futhi uma ungekho imoto ke ulwazi izakhiwo zalezi izinto, ukusetshenziswa kwabo nokuthi zihlangana kanjani nomunye ngeke engadingekile. Ukwazi lokhu, wena umane ngeke udidekile, ucelwa ukuthi lokho electrolyte e ibhethri. Nakuba ngisho noma ungekho Umthandi womculo imoto, kodwa une imoto ke ulwazi kudivayisi ibhethri kuyoba ngokuphelele bengeke balimaze khona futhi kuyokusiza ukuba kuphole. Kuyoba lula futhi eshibhile ukwenza ngokwakho konke, kuka ukuya maphakathi imoto.

Futhi ukufunda okwengeziwe ngalesi sihloko, sincoma ukuthi uhlole ebhukwinitifundvo-chemistry izikole kanye amanyuvesi. Uma umazi lo isayensi kahle nokufunda izincwadi ezanele, ukhetho best kuyoba "Chemical imithombo zamanje" Varypaeva. Kukhona ebekwe ngokuningiliziwe yonke imfundiso yokuziphendukela impilo yebhethri, ezihlukahlukene amabhethri kanye izakhi-hydrogen.

isiphetho

Siye siphele. Ake afingqa. Ngenhla saxoxa konke, njengoba kungekho into ezifana electrolyte: izibonelo, isakhiwo theory kanye izakhiwo, imisebenzi kanye nezicelo. Nalapha futhi, kufanele kusho ukuthi lezi zakhi ziyingxenye yokuphila kwethu, ngaphandle ngalo lalingekho, umzimba wethu futhi zonke izindawo mboni. Ukhumbula electrolyte igazi? Siyabonga kubo siphila. Futhi kuthiwani izimoto zethu? Nge lolu lwazi singakwazi silungise inkinga ibhethri, njengoba manje baqonde indlela okuvusa kwabantu electrolyte kuwo.

Zonke kungenzeki ukutshela, kodwa asizange umgomo onjalo. Phela, akusiwona konke tingacocwa ngalezi izinto ezimangalisayo.