Okomkhathi "Challenger" (isithombe). Nenhlekelele Shuttle "Challenger"

Space - isikhala airless lapho izinga lokushisa isesikhathini -270 ° C. Ngo enjalo endaweni enobudlova, abantu abakwazi ukusinda, ngakho osomkhathi njalo ebeka ukuphila kwawo, egijimela ubumnyama engaziwa universe. Ngo inqubo ukutadisha yonke kwakukhona izinhlekelele eziningi eziye zathi inqwaba yabantu. Esinye salezo mlando nezinezinhlekelele kakhulu emlandweni Astronautics ukufa mkhathi "Challenger", okwaphumela zonke zezisebenzi abulawa.

Kafushane mayelana umkhumbi

Ngo-1967, i-United States NASA umkhankaso kweziyizigidi hlelo "Isikhala Ezokuthutha System". Phakathi nohlaka yayo, ngo-1971 yaqala ukwakhiwa kwalesi esebenza mkhathi - Space Shuttle (isiNgisi okomkhathi, ngokwezwi nezwi ihumusha ngokuthi "mkhathi"). Kwakuhlelwe ukuba lezi shuttles zifana shuttles ukusebenzisa phakathi Earth emzileni, njengoba ephakama ukuphakama km 500. Labo okwakulindeleke ukuba wusizo ukulethwa payloads ukuze iziteshi esemkhathini, ukwenza ezidingekayo ukufakwa nokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi, ucwaningo.

Omunye wale mikhumbi kwaba mkhathi "Challenger" - isekhondi mkhathi eyakhelwe lolu hlelo. Ngo-July 1982, wathunyelwa NASA ekusebenzeni.

Igama lalo behlonipha umkhumbi seagoing, owayefundelwa olwandle kule 1870s. Ukubhekisela ohlwini NASA OV-99 ama-apharathasi.

Umlando indiza

Ngo-April 1983 ngowokuqala mkhathi "Challenger" uvukile ngonyaka ukuqala satellite Translational. Ngo-June ngawo lowo nyaka, ngaqala futhi ukuze kwezidingo-emzileni ngezokuxhumana ezimbili futhi ucwaningo ezithaka imithi. Omunye Amatilosi owesifazane wokuqala American emkhathini Sally Kristen Ride.

Agasti 1983 - eyesithathu Shuttle kwethulwa futhi ebusuku okokuqala emlandweni uhlelo American isikhala. Ngenxa yalokho, umzila wokuzungeza ezokuxhumana satellite Insat-1B futhi lwahlolwa manipulator Canadian "Canadarm" wethulwa. Mission isikhathi kwaba izinsuku 6 ne kancane.

Ngo-February 1984, umkhumbi-mkhathi wakhiwe "Challenger" futhi wakhuphukela khona emkhathini, kodwa umsebenzi we ukususwa iziphuphutheki ezimbili ku-orbit kuhlulekile.

Okwesihlanu lizoqala ngo-Ephreli 1984. Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni wezwe, ukulungisa iziphuphutheki emkhathini senziwa. Ngo-October 1984 kwakukhona kwethulwa owesithupha, okuyinto kwaphawulwa khona ebhodini mkhathi osomkhathi ezimbili zesifazane. Ngalesi indiza ezivusa amadlingozi senziwa ngowokuqala emlandweni isikhala American komkhathi wesifazane - Ketrin Sallivan.

indiza Seventh ngo-April 1985, eziyisishiyagalombili ngoJulayi futhi indiza lesishiyagalolunye ngo-Okthoba kulo nyaka, futhi yimpumelelo. Ayavumelana ngu ukuze kufinyelelwe umgomo ofanayo - ukuqhuba ucwaningo emkhathini laboratory.

kwethulwa Weshumi Januwari 28, 1986 kwaba ngenxa Shuttle nezisebenzi ebulalayo.

Sekukonke ku-akhawunti ku "Challenger" 9 ohambweni yimpumelelo, wachitha izinsuku ezingu-69 emkhathini, 987 nje wenza revolution okuphelele emhlabeni blue iplanethi, "run" yayo - abayizigidi ezingu 41,5 amakhilomitha.

Nenhlekelele Shuttle "Challenger"

Le nhlekelele yenzeke eduze nogu of Florida, i-28.01.1986 at 11 ezimpondweni imizuzu 39. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuyi-Atlantic Ocean yamila Shuttle "Challenger." Kokuquleka emva 73 imizuzwana we indiza endaweni engamamitha angu-14 ukusuka phansi. Killing wonke amalungu ayisikhombisa nezisebenzi.

Ngezinye isiqalo kwesokudla uphawu indandatho booster okuqinile ilimele. Kusukela kulolu hlangothi lushiswe ukuvulwa namafutha kuyiphi ukusakaza jet bakhishwe at ohlangothini elingaphandle uphethiloli. I jet wabhubhisa umnikazi umsila futhi eziveza isakhiwo ethangini. umkhumbi sigudluke izakhi ukuthi baphule wagxila wesimethri nomoya ukumelana. Mkhathi eye walahlekelana nomhlambi futhi ehlose indiza-eksisi, umphumela libhujisiwe ngaphansi kwethonya imithwalo sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza.

Okomkhathi "Challenger" ayizange ifakwe simiso ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi, ngakho amathuba okusinda izisebenzi wayengekho. Kodwa ngisho noma uhlelo esinjalo, osomkhathi ngabe abaye bawela ulwandle ngesivinini phezu 300 km / h. umthelela amandla amanzi kuzoba ngendlela yokuthi namanje akekho owayezobhekwa ezisekhona.

nezisebenzi Kugcine

Phakathi isiqalo 10th Shuttle "Challenger" ibithwele abantu abayisikhombisa:

• Frensis Richard "Dick" Scobee - engu-46, iqembu nomyali. American umshayeli lempi elisezingeni uLieutenant Colonel, NASA astronaut. Yena ushiye unkosikazi wakhe, indodakazi nendodana. Wayelethwa kwakhe yaklonyeliswa wasebusika "Isikhala Flight".
• Michael Dzhon Smit - iminyaka engu-40, i-co-pilot. umshayeli Test ku isikhundla sokuba ukaputeni, astronaut NASA. Washiya futhi nginezingane ezintathu. Wayelethwa kwakhe yaklonyeliswa wasebusika "Isikhala Flight".
• Ellison shoji Onizuka - engu-39, onguchwepheshe ucwaningo. American NASA astronaut abadabuka Japanese, umshayeli wendiza isivivinyo elisezingeni sombutho wezempi. Kwakhe, yena yanikezelwa elisezingeni sombutho.
• UJudith Arlene Resnik - iminyaka engu-36, onguchwepheshe ucwaningo. Omunye onjiniyela engcono osomkhathi NASA. aviator Professional.
• URonald McNair - engu-35, onguchwepheshe ucwaningo. Zemvelo, astronaut NASA. Emhlabeni, washiya umkakhe nezingane zabo ezimbili. Medal kwakhe waklonyeliswa "Isikhala Flight".
• Gregory Jarvis - iminyaka engu-41, Inkokhelo onguchwepheshe. Wobunjiniyela. US Air Force uCaptain. Kusukela ngo-1984, isazi sezinkanyezi NASA. Izindlu washiya umkakhe nezingane zabo ezintathu. Medal kwakhe waklonyeliswa "Isikhala Flight".
• Sharon UChrista Corrigan McAuliffe - engu-37, Inkokhelo onguchwepheshe. Civic. Wayelethwa kwakhe yaklonyeliswa Medal of Space - US umklomelo kakhulu osomkhathi.

Mayelana yokugcina crew ilunga UChrista McAuliffe okungukuthi kancane xaxa. Njengoba ongekho empini babengase mkhathi "Challenger"? Kubonakala Amazing.

Krista Makoliff

Wazalelwa ku 02/09/1948 e Boston, Massachusetts. Wayesebenza njengomfundisi weZwi isiNgisi, umlando kanye biology. Wayeshadile futhi sathola izingane ezimbili.

ukuphila kwakhe waqhubeka njengenjwayelo walinganisa kuze emncintiswaneni yamemezela: "Mfundisi in Space" e-United States ngo-1984. Umbono wakhe Sasiwukufakazela ukuthi zonke intsha futhi unempilo emva ukuhlela okufanele ingandiza ngempumelelo emkhathini bese ubuyela Earth. Phakathi ayizinkulungwane 11 zokusebenza ezithunyelwe futhi uhlelo lokusebenza UChrista - fun, uthisha ukuziqinisa nokuba nombono lisebenza kusukela Boston.

Yena won mncintiswano. Lapho Umsekeli kamongameli George. W. Bush (Senior) emcimbini White House wamupha owawina ithikithi, wakhala injabulo. Kwakuyisikhathi Ithikithi lendlela eyodwa.

Ngemva ukuqeqeshwa ongoti izinyanga ezintathu neyaziwayo UChrista ilungele fly. Yena wayalwa ukuba asuse izifundo nokufundisa kanye ebhodini mkhathi ukuchitha Ezifundweni ezimbalwa.

izinkinga preflight

Ekuqaleni, ngesikhathi kulungiselelwa ukwethulwa lweshumi mkhathi kwaba eningi izinkinga:

• Ekuqaleni babehlele ukuqhuba kwethulwa ku-Januwari 22 kusukela Baikonur John. F. Kennedy. Kodwa ngenxa izinkinga yenhlangano uqala washukumiseleka ngowokuqala 23 bese ngo-January 24.
• Ngenxa isiphepho isixwayiso okushisa aphansi indiza lahlehlela nolunye usuku.
• Nalapha futhi, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esingesihle lihlehliselwe kokuqala Januwari 27.
• Ngokuhamba amathekhiniki wokuhlola elilandelayo ziye zembula izinkinga eziningana, ngakho kwanqunywa ukuba amise dethi entsha indiza - Januwari 28.

Ekuseni ngo-January 28, emgwaqweni kwakubanda, izinga lokushisa lehla -1 ° C. Onjiniyela ke kuye kwabangela ukukhathazeka, futhi ingxoxo yangasese, ayetshela NASA lobuholi izimo ezimbi kakhulu kungase kudingeke nomthelela ongemuhle isimo O-amasongo futhi watusa futhi ukuhlehlisa usuku kwethulwa. Kodwa lezi zincomo zenqatshiwe. Kwakukhona nesinye nobunzima: pad qalisa embozwe iqhwa. Kwaba isithiyo esingenakunqotshwa, kodwa "ngenhlanhla", ngo-10 ekuseni iqhwa zaqala ukugcwala amanzi. Qala waqokwa amahora 11 nemizuzu engu-40. Kwakuthinta yokwethula kuthelevishini kazwelonke. Konke Melika ukubukela izenzakalo ngesikhathi cosmodrome.

Qala-up kanye yokuphahlazeka Shuttle "Challenger"

Ngezinye 11 PM amaminithi 38 wathola izinjini. Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-2 iyunithi wethulwa. Amasekhondi angu-7 kusukela phansi kwesokudla namafutha waphula grey intuthu, ke waloba indiza phansi inhlolovo. Isizathu salokhu kwaba umthelela ukushaqeka imithwalo phakathi injini isiqalo. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka esikhathini esidlule, ke icuphe main ukubekwa uphawu indandatho esihlinzeka ngabodwa izinhlelo okuthembekile. Kodwa kwakubanda ekuseni, ngakho iringi eqandisiwe ilahlekelwe umswakama waso, engasakwazi nokusebenza ngendlela elindelekile. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-Imbangela yengozi.

Ngemva 58 imizuzwana indiza-mkhathi "Challenger", okuyinto unesithombe ephepheni, ngaqala ziwohloke. Ngemva 6 imizuzwana kusuka ethangini zangaphandle waqala avuze hydrogen ketshezi, ngemva 2 imizuzwana e sangaphandle fuel ithangi ingcindezi usunciphe ezingeni esibucayi.

Ngemva 73 imizuzwana we indiza zigoqiwe ithangi umoya-mpilo ketshezi. Umoya-mpilo Ne-hydrogen kuthiwa liqhuma, futhi "Challenger" kwalahleka endaweni Kwaqubuka ilangabi elikhulu.

Ukucinga umkhumbi izinsalela futhi izidumbu

Ngemva ukuqhuma komkhumbi-mkhathi doti yawela-Atlantic Ocean. Ukucinga mkhathi esikebheni, nezidumbu osomkhathi wathatha phezu US Department of Defence ne ukusekela ezempi kusuka le Coast Guard. Mashi 7 ezansi olwandle athola izidumbu abanikeze asebenza nabo izisebenzi Shuttle. Ngenxa ukuvezwa kwesikhathi eside emanzini asolwandle kwesidumbu kuhlulekile ukusungula Imbangela yokushona. Nokho, sezwa emva ukuqhuma, le osomkhathi ubephila ngoba gumbi yabo nje idabukile off kusukela kusigaba umsila. Maykl Smit, Ellison Onizuka Dzhudit Reznik, futhi babehlale bekhumbula futhi kuhlanganise air. Kungenzeka, le osomkhathi asikwazanga usinde omkhulu umthelela force of amanzi.

1 Meyi, search for Shuttle doti yayiqediwe kusukela olwandle wakwazi ukuthola 55% of the Shuttle.

Uphenyo izimbangela nhlekelele

Kuzomele yenze uphenyo lwangaphakathi kuzo zonke izimo ngemva kwenhlekelele NASA olwenziwa ngaphansi kwesitembu ekusithekeni. Ukuze baqonde yonke imininingwane ye icala futhi uthole izizathu, ngenxa okuyinto kwakukhona falling mkhathi "Challenger", uMongameli US uRonald Reagan wasungula ikhomishana ekhethekile Rogers (egameni uMongameli William P. Rogers). It yakhiwa abantu abanegama isayensi, isikhala kanye onjiniyela aeronautical, osomkhathi nezempi.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva lo Rogers Commission enikeziwe umbiko umongameli, lapho zonke izinto zenziwa yomphakathi ngenxa okuyinto kuvele ingozi ka Shuttle "Challenger." Kwathiwa waveza ukuthi ubuholi NASA Akakwazanga izixwayiso wezazi mayelana nezinkinga nazo ukulondeka indiza okuhleliwe.

Imiphumela wokugoqa

Ukuwa mkhathi "Challenger" asebenzelana yigalelo elinzima lelo idumela-United States, isimiso "Isikhala Ezokuthutha System" waba ikhishiwe iminyaka engu-3. Ngenxa esikhulu kakhulu ngesikhathi kuphahlazeka mkhathi United States balahlekelwa ($ 8 billion).

izinguquko eziphawulekayo Kwenziwa isakhiwo Shuttle, ziyokuthuthukisa kakhulu mayelana nokuphepha kwabo.

Kwakuthinta kabusha futhi NASA isakhiwo. Wakhe ezimele ukuba engamele ukuphepha izindiza.

isiko Ukubonisa

Ngo-May 2013, ezikrinini out esondweni ifilimu umqondisi George. Hawes "Challenger". E-UK, wayeselahlekelwe okuthiwa ifilimu engcono okukhulu konyaka. ngesakhiwo sayo sisekelwe nezenzakalo zangempela nemisebenzi Ngokuphathelene Rogers Commission.