Kwakuwusuku "Isinqumo ku umkhawulo iminyaka isikhathi" futhi ngubani umlobi kweqiniso?

Kukhona umbono omlando, ebumnyameni serfdom ekugcineni kwafaka Russian Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, kokuthi ishicilelwe incwadi enesihloko esithi "Isimemezelo phezu iminyaka umkhawulo wesikhathi." Yena engalali cishe ngokuphelele abalimi ilungelo kwakhululwa azibamukeli abantu babe izigqila eziyizimungulu, abanye Analogue wezinkomo ukusebenza. Nokho, umbhalo 'nemiyalo' ngokwalo elahlekile, futhi imininingwane okuqukethwe kwawo ncishana kakhulu. On inguqulo ozwakalayo iningi izenzakalo mlando phikisana eminyaka.

Ngokusemthethweni zamukela imfundiso

Ngokusho izincwadi zomlando, i- "Isinqumo phezu iminyaka umkhawulo wesikhathi" esayinwe 1597, ku-4 Disemba ku likaJulius. Lokhu kwabangelwa ukubukeka umthetho zomthetho isimo esibucayi wadala kuleli zwe. Ngaphambi lo mthetho kusasebenza ncamashi iminyaka eyikhulu, owawuthi, ngeviki kuze 26 Novemba (usuku olungcwele St George) futhi izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngemuva kokutholwa komhlaba ngamunye ababengase bakuthole isimo sabo, esho isifiso sakhe futhi ukukhokha umnikazi ayakhokhela lemali ( "abadala ") ku ruble esiliva. Inani wawumningi ngesikhathi, kodwa ufuna ukuba abalimi khulula wazama ukusindisa kwakhe. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ukuthi usezuze ngezinga elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile, ngemuva kokuhluleka ukukhokha imali, abanye serfs nje wagijima. Ngokusho inguqulo ikwamukele ngokusemthethweni, i- "Isinqumo phezu iminyaka umkhawulo wesikhathi" wamenqabela ukwenza abalimi kude kulendawo. Kodwa lokhu essence mva ke akugcini. Kwakunganele ukuba nje ngenjongo yokubalekela evela kumnikazi ezinenzondo. "Isinqumo ku umkhawulo iminyaka isikhathi 'ukuze usethe igama elicacile losesho, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho inkosi bakwazi ukubuyela encekwini yakhe - iminyaka emihlanu.

"Ukaznoy" inguqulo futhi ezahlukeneyo zalo

Ukungabi bikho ubufakazi obubhalwe ngoba mlando - mayelana efanayo ukuthi physics - phakathi kwe imiphumela yokulinga umqondo wakhe theory. Kukhona izinguqulo ezimbili eyinhloko incazelo inqubo ukugqilazwa abantukazana Russian. Ngokwe (ngokuthi "ukaznoy") Kwaqale kwaba ngokuqinile ngokuhambisana nemithetho esemthethweni ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha. Ungene "usho kwi iminyaka umkhawulo wesikhathi", futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ... Kodwa lo mbono kunemiphumela yayo. Ngokusho V N. Tatischeva le dokhumenti kwaqala 1592, futhi kwakungeyona umbhali Fyodor Ivanovich, futhi Boris Godunov. Iphepha elahlekile, futhi uthole futhi bahluleka. Kodwa wayeshaye phansi.

Kubhekwe "ukaznoy inguqulo" ngokuqinisekile ibe yiqiniso, kodwa unesifo isici esivamile, nobuntu eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma zomlando eziningi. Kusekelwe kuphela izithembiso logic, futhi lutho ngaphandle kwabo, ayisekelwe. Kumele kube khona umthetho, nabo bonke. Kambe ingaphi - kungenye umbuzo. Ongeke wazi ukuthi kungaba ne wephepha lemine ngekhulu kwenzeke ...

Saba khona yini ngesinqumo somthetho?

On nethonya 'Isinqumo "ukushintsha umphakathi ezweni kungenziwa abahlulela yokuthi isihloko dokhumenti cishe alisho izicelo bamazwe ukubuya kwabo" impahla. " Kubonakala kunengqondo, befuna ukuthola futhi akhulule isigqila nombaleki, ubheke bobukhosi 'Isinqumo phezu iminyaka umkhawulo wesikhathi. " Aint it? Ngoba ke uhlu lwezikhalazo livele umlingisi hhayi kuphela izicelo siqu, futhi izicelo ukuhambisana nomthetho. Kodwa bamazwe phezu Tsar akazange ubheke, wakhetha ukwenza ukwakhiwa abstract ngaphezulu.

Thatha ukuthi, ugogo, Usuku St George sika

Okwamanje, idokhumenti ebhaliwe kuphela eqinisekisa khona imizimba ephepheni intando yobukhosi, ungakwazi ukukhonza njengomdala izindela Novgorod, lapho kubhekisela isimemezelo owawuthi, abalimi kanye abangenamihlaba, "ayikho indlela yokubalekela." Ngesikhathi esifanayo nosuku, nombhali isenzo zomthetho kungaziwa ukuthi kanjani. Nakanjani ngezikaNkulunkulu indalo yayo Tsar Fedor nzima. Okokuqala, eminyakeni wokubusa kwakhe empeleni wahola izwe "grey ibamba" Godunov, nokuthi wayekwazi push lokhu isinyathelo zomthetho. Okwesibili, kukhona izizathu yangempela ukukholelwa ukuthi idokhumenti yavela eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambili, futhi kamuva wabhubhisa (mhlawumbe ngenhloso) ngokufaka "Boriska" (noma i-oda). Okwesithathu, kungenzeka, "reserve umyalo" wokuba wamukelwa Ivan Vasilyevich, kodwa sesingasebenza kamuva. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zinguqulo, iqiniso liwukuthi: Usuku St George yabhujiswa ekupheleni kwekhulu XVI futhi abalimi zaphucwa amalungelo ababekufunde ngaphambili wayekujabulela.