Omsakazo - kuyinto ... ezibangelwa amagciwane. Etiology lesi sifo

Amaforamu imithi ukuhlola ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene. Omunye, isibonelo, uhlola isithombe sokucindezeleka, ibonakalisa isifo. Ezinye izigaba of Medicine bahlola imiphumela noma ukusabela kulabo noma eminye imiphumela. Okubaluleke kakhulu e uphethwe kanye nokuzikhethela yokwelapha esikhathini esizayo kuthiwa ingqondo zokugula izici. Omsakazo - lena indawo okungukuthi nje nekuphenya izizathu. Kamuva esihlokweni sihlolisise leli gama.

Uhlolojikelele

Omsakazo - ke kudala izifo okuyiwona nesenzakalo kudinga ngokuhlanganisa main ithonya isici nosibalo efanelekayo, kube yikwembulwa izimo ubuqiniso bayo imvelo ngaphakathi kanye nabangaphandle. Njengoba izenzakalo ayeke ukunisa angenza ubuthi, Amagciwane, ukuchayeka, ukulimala, nezinye amakhemikhali abaningi, begazi futhi kuthinta umuntu ngokomzimba. Lesi sifo kungavuka nemibandela hypothermia, ukukhathala, ukuphazamiseka kwemikhuba yokudla, okungalungile nethonya lomphakathi futhi ezindawo. Kufeza indima ebalulekile kanye nezici umzimba. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, kuhlanganisa nobulili, ubudala, genotype, nabanye.

izici

Umqondo etiology akugcini izizathu eziqondile. Ikakhulu lesi sifo, ngaphezu izenzakalo ingqondo kudinga izimo ezithile esihle kuye. Ngokwesibonelo, Streptococcus, ekhona ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo njengoba saprophyte ngenxa imiphumela nokunwetshiwe okushisa aphansi kubangele angina. Lokhu kungenxa buthakathaka izindlela zomzimba. Futhi inamathela typhoid idiphtheria ngaphandle kokudala izici (ukukhathala, yokulamba) ungakwazi akusho ukuzibonakalisa. Ngokuvamile kunezimo lapho omunye futhi isici esifanayo angasebenza kwezinye izimo, etiologic, futhi abanye - izimbangela. Isibonelo hypothermia. It is, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubangela frostbite, futhi ngakolunye - inikeza kwezimo ezifanele ukuvela izifo eziningi ezithathelwanayo imvelo catarrhal.

Ukwahlukaniswa pathologies

Kwezinye izimo, etiology lesi sifo kungase kungagcini isici. Kwezinye izimo, uphenyo kungase kwembule izinto ezimbalwa ayeke ukunisa. Esimweni sokuqala, isifo okuthiwa i-mono, kanti eyesibili - polyetiology. Uhlobo lokuqala ifaka phakathi, isibonelo, umkhuhlane, umphimbo obuhlungu. Kodwa kumiswa isifo senhliziyo is ngenxa ugcunsula, rheumatism nezinye izinto eziningi. Etiology lesi sifo ukunquma ngokucacile yayo kanye therapy pathogenetic. Ngokwesibonelo, i-degree of kobukhulu kanye isibikezelo staphylococcal nombendeni carbuncle babe umehluko omkhulu. Futhi, imininingwane ethile ehlukile izinhlobo umfutho wegazi ophakeme, okungase kubangelwe kokubili izici neurogenic futhi kwezinso. Imbangela isimiso emathunjini kuyinto kokucindezelwa sangaphandle wamathumbu noma ukuvaleka elingaphakathi yayo.

IZENZO

Hlukanisa emkhatsini yesikhathi esisodwa (ukuhlukumezeka, ukusha) kanye eside (nendlala, ukutheleleka) umphumela ingqondo mkhuba. Lesi senzakalo sihlanganisa omsakazo. Lo mphumela ungabhekana ukuthuthukiswa isigaba oyingozi noma ezingamahlalakhona izifo. Ngenxa yalokho yezici - elithi eside noma esifushane - e umzimba womuntu lihluleka izinhlelo ezahlukene. Yilokho kanye kuyimbangela lesi sifo, okuyinto ikakhulukazi ngenxa yalezi ukuphulwa.

Ukulapha nokuvikela

Omsakazo - lokhu ingenye etintfweni eyinhloko indlela ethile yokwelashwa. Yazi izimbangela nemibandela ukuthuthukiswa a zokugula, ungakhetha indlela ezizoqeda ashaywe. Kuphela kuleli cala, empeleni kuzuzwe umphumela omuhle. Kufeza indima ebalulekile, kanye nokuvinjelwa. Lesi sifo ingavinjelwa esimweni ukuqedwa esifike izimbangela pathogenic kanye izici ezibangela ke. Ngokwesibonelo, bacilli yenethiwekhi ukuthola wenziwa, nokulahla omiyane ensimini umalaleveva ezingaba, ukulimala lokuvikela. Nokho, ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi umnyombo nemibandela ukuthuthukiswa zokugula. Kulokhu sikhuluma omsakazo engaziwa. Ezimweni ezinjalo, njengoba umthetho, isiguli iya ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukadokotela. Ndawonye nale Ihlahlubo umehluko, ukuqapha isimo sayo. Ngokuvamile odokotela ekwelapheni Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukhethe "zifa".

Etiology ka ngifundise ngesifo sikashukela

Kuze kube manje, kukhona ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda bokuthi imbangela eyinhloko sikashukela kuyisici ngofuzo. Lesi sifo kungokwalabo ingqondo polygenic. izisekelo zayo babekwa okungenani ezimbili isakhi sofuzo asabekayo e sikashukela b-chromosome, ezithinta ukuxhumana ne hla-system. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, inquma impendulo eqondile umzimba nemiphumela yayo antigen amangqamuzana. Kususelwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela polygenic ifa isifo sikashukela, izifo of isakhi sofuzo asabekayo ezimbili noma amabili eqembu inheritable esikhubazayo. Kwabanye abantu, kukhona nezici ezithile ukuze kokunqotshwa uhlelo sokuhlasela kwamasosha omzimba, noma ukuzwela anda amaseli ezithile amasosha omzimba viral, kwehlisa amasosha omzimba ukuba ulwe amagciwane. Zofuzo hla-simiso izimpawu we nezici ezithile.

Ngo-1987, D. Foster wembula ukuthi omunye zofuzo uchayeke sifo esisogwini B-chromosome. Ngakho kukhona ubudlelwano phakathi ngifundise ngesifo sikashukela kanye ezithile leukocyte masosha omzimba abantu. Basuke okubhalwe ufuzo ezinkulu histocompatibility eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nazo ngokufanayo, zitholakala kule-chromosome.

Ukwahlukanisa izakhi zofuzo ezinkulu histocompatibility eziyinkimbinkimbi

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu. Zofuzo ayahluka ngohlobo we amaprotheni okubhalwe nokuzimbandakanya kwabo ukuthuthukiswa izinqubo mzimba. Ngo-class elilodwa liqukethe loci A, B, C. Ziyakwazi uyakwazi ngamakhodi antigen atholakala kuwo wonke amaseli equkethe umongo. Lezi zici ukwenza umsebenzi Ukuvikelwa ezifweni (ikakhulukazi viral). Zofuzo ekilasini 2, elele D-esifundeni iqukethe loci DP, DQ, UDKT. Bona encode antigen ukuthi singawathola kuphela amaseli immunocompetent. Lezi zihlanganisa monocytes, ama-T cell, nabanye. Nge ekilasini 3 izakhi zofuzo okubhalwe izingxenye umphelelisi tumor necrosis factor futhi abathutha ezisebusweni ukuxhumana ukucutshungulwa omzimba.

Muva nje, kukhona kucatshangwa ukuthi ifa sikashukela insulini ancike ezihambisana hhayi izakhi kuphela hla-uhlelo, kodwa futhi isakhi ngamakhodi synthesis insulin, immunoglobulin uchungechunge esindayo uxhumano T-cell yokwamukela nabanye. Abantu babe noma kungenzeka esingokwemvelo IDDM, zikhona izinguquko ukucindezeleka kwemvelo. amasosha omzimba buthaka amaseli wabo namagciwane cytotoxic nolimi bangase babe umonakalo bedle nezilwanyana ezincane pathogenic futhi yizici zamakhemikhali.

Ezinye izizathu

Ngo IDDM kungaba omsakazo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Ngokuvamile, ukuvela zokugula neqhaza rubella (lwegciwane uthola zesiqhingi kwamanyikwe, azifihle futhi ziphindaphindwe kuzo), mumps (avame ukubonakala ezinganeni ngemva isifo ubhubhane, iminyaka 1-2), ukusha kwesibindi kohlobo B igciwane futhi Coxsackievirus B (ziphindaphindwe e insular apharathasi) mononukleoznaya ukutheleleka, Umkhuhlane nabanye. Iqiniso ukuthi isici kubhekwe ihlobene ukuthuthukiswa sikashukela, kuqinisekiswa seasonality izifo. IDDM ngokuvamile kutholakala izingane ekwindla nasebusika, ukufinyelela Selilonke ngo-Okthoba futhi Januwari. Futhi kule iziguli ngegazi kungathola titers eliphezulu amasosha Amagciwane. Abantu ababulawa isifo sikashukela ngenxa izindlela immunofluorescent ucwaningo zesiqhingi ka-Langerhans waphawula izinhlayiya ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Isimiso ezisebenza we lwegciwane

Lolu cwaningo zokuhlola olwenziwa M. Balabolkin uqinisekise ukubandakanywa ukutheleleka ekuthuthukiseni lesi sifo. Ngokusho imibono yakhe, abantu banegciwane, bathambekele ngifundise ngesifo sikashukela, isinyathelo kanje:

- waphawula acute iseli ukulimala (isb Coxsackie B igciwane);

- kukhona ukuphikelela (sokusinda nokunwetshiwe) igciwane (rubella) ukwakha izinqubo sokuhlasela kwamasosha omzimba e nezicubu kwesinye isiqhingana esigcwele.

Etiology ngokoma kwesibindi

Kuye izimbangela, lokhu zokugula uhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu. Lezi zihlanganisa, ikakhulukazi:

1. Nge izici ezithile etiological.
2. Nge impikiswano letsintsa izici.
3. Of omsakazo engaziwa.

Lolu cwaningo izimbangela umonakalo

Ukuze kuveze izici okubangela isifo sokusha, ziqhuba izifundo zokwelapha, epidemiological futhi laboratory. Ngesikhathi esifanayo usungule uxhumano ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile utshwala. Kwaphela isikhathi eside sasikholelwa ukuthi isifo sokusha kwenzeka ezimweni we ukungondleki oludakayo. Kule ndaba, lo zokugula wayaziwa njengomuntu alimentary noma yokudla okunempilo. Ngo-1961, Beckett idale umsebenzi ayeluchaze utshwala isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo esiteji oyingozi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke uphakamise ukuthi lesi sifo kwandisa ingozi isifo sokusha elihlobene ne nophuzo oludakayo. Ngemva kwalokho kusungulwa umphumela Ethanol wokuthuthukisa i-hepatitis anobuthi, ezingasetshenziswa ukuhambisa e hematopoietic umonakalo isitho izicubu. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi ukuze kabusha ngokudlulisela lesi sifo.

Kuyingozi Isikali Ethanol

Ngokoma kwesibindi, okuyinto ezibangelwa ukweqisa, ngokukhethekile nge izigaba ekuthuthukiseni isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo oyingozi noma ezingamahlalakhona. Izifo kungenziwa siguqulwe ngenye indlela. Sekukonke kunezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

- okunamafutha ukonakala komzimba;

- Fibrosis nge mesenchymal ukuphendula;

- isifo sokusha.

Ingozi elivela kuzo isifo ngenxa engu-15 utshwala ngokweqile kuyinto izikhathi mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 8 lowo lwenzeka ngesikhathi yokuvuma oneminyaka emihlanu utshwala. Pekvigno ukuhlonza izingozi Ethanol Isikali sokuthuthukiswa isibindi sibe sesomile. Kuyinto 80 g ngelanga (200 of vodka). A umthamo eyingozi nsuku zonke ukusetshenziswa 160 g utshwala kanye nokunye. Esikhathini esizayo, "Pekvigno ifomula" kancane washintsha. Ngo abesifazane, utshwala ukuzwela ezingaphezu kuka kabili kunakwabesilisa. Ezinye namandla ocansini tsirrozogenny phesheya lancipha 40 g Ethanol ngosuku, kuyilapho abanye sifo eba, futhi uma uthatha 60 ml utshwala. Abesifazane futhi ngokwanele futhi 20 ml utshwala ngosuku. Ngo ukuthuthukiswa isifo sokusha oludakayo kwesibindi kudlala indima eqondene lipopolysaccharide umsuka ezinkulu emathunjini - endotoxin.

Zikhona ezinye izizatho

Isifo sokusha kungadalwa kunqunywa zofuzo umzimba iziyaluyalu. Kokubili ngabantwana nangabantu abadala bathola ukuhambisana phakathi kwesifo ukuthuthukiswa kwe-pathology kanye a1-antitrypsin ukuntula. A1-antitrypsin kuyinto glycoprotein ukuthi kwemiqondo kule hepatocyte kanye inhibitor ka noSerine proteinases ukuchayeka osheshayo (elastase, trypsin, plasmin, chymotrypsin). Against isizinda ukwehluleka kwenzeka cholestasis e 5-30% izingane kanye 10-15% of isibindi sibe sesomile kwenzeka esemncane kakhulu. Nokho, ngisho ezimeni imvelo kwamakhemikhali ukwephula kukhona Izibikezelo ngokuvamile evumayo. Lapho esegugile futhi kwandisa amathuba wokuthuthukisa isifo sokusha futhi isibindi umdlavuza. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nabantu ne-emphysema. Ukusebenza kwesibindi kungase futhi baphuke lapho udle amakhemikhali amalungiselelo ezithaka imithi. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka abukhali isinyathelo ukubhujiswa isitho kanye ne-hepatitis ezingamahlalakhona. Ezimweni ezingavamile, isibindi sibe sesomile eba. Ngokwesibonelo, i-carbon tetrachloride kungabangela oyingozi futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwesibindi kohlobo zinhlobo anobuthi. Lokhu zokugula ungakwazi, kwezinye izimo ephelezelwa necrosis omkhulu futhi ziphathwe yisifo sokuqina.