Pangea (ezwekazini): ukwakheka nokuhlukaniswa Supercontinent

Pangea - ezwekazini, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo siyazi, isekelwe kuphela ukuqagela lososayensi. Leli gama wanikezwa ikhona kusukela ekuzalweni iplanethi yethu kuleli zwekazi, okuyinto, ngokusho umbono we esidlule Geological Zomhlaba, nguye kuphela futhi wageza nxazonke by olwandle ngokuthi Panthalassa. Kwenzekeni iplanethi yethu? Ukuba amazwekazi laziwe? Nge imicabango lososayensi ukuba siphendule le mibuzo, uyofunda sihloko olwengeziwe.

Kungani amazwekazi nihlukane?

Konke kuleli zwe iyashintsha - ngisho amazwekazi, okuyinto, ngokusobala, ngokuqinile simisiwe endaweni, ungashintsha indawo yabo.

Igama elithi "Pangea" lihunyushwa lisuselwa lesiGreki lisho "lonke izwe." Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi Pangea - ezwekazini, okuyinto uquleke lahlukaniswa laba ocean Amanzi iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-180 edlule.

Kukhona kokuqagela ukuthi lesi simanga phambi amazwekazi zazihlukile. Ososayensi bathi ngaphansi kwethonya ezinye zezici komhlaba indawo kwabo amanzi emhlabeni is sisondela ngokungenakuvinjelwa ekushintsheni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngemva isikhathi esithile ajwayelekile kithi indawo amazwekazi yesimanje, futhi, zizohluka.

Ubudala bokuba khona amazwekazi, ngokusho kongoti abatadisha umlando Geological iplanethi yethu - engaba iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-80. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amazwekazi ngaphansi kwethonya ukushisa kusukela evuthayo core emhlabeni futhi ukujikeleza iplanethi ngokwayo, qiniseka ukuba nihlukane futhi kwakhiwa kabusha. Lena inqubo cyclical, okuyinto isiqiniseko kudingeke uphindaphindwe.

Ukuvela Pangea

Izindawo ezinkulu eziseningizimu uqweqwe yezwekazi kwakhiwa emhlabeni eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 2.7 edlule. Umhlaba benziwe superkontint olulodwa, ukwakha izwekazi wokuqala - Pangea. Kwakuwusuku kumiswa lokuqala izwekazi, lapho ukujiya crustal kwaba cishe iyafana ku amazwekazi yesimanje - 40 km.

Phakathi uhlelo Proterozoic isakhi Umhlaba waqala ukushintsha. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-bhiliyoni 2.3 edlule, Pangea lokuqala behlukana.

New (wesibili) Pangea kwakhiwa ekupheleni Okuqala Proterozoic, eminyakeni engaba ngu-1.7 billion edlule. Khona-ke ahlukaniswe izindawo ezweni futhi ashiselwe zibe munye supercontinent.

Ngaphansi kwethonya izici ezihlukahlukene uqweqwe yezwekazi emhlabeni usephinde zaqala ukushintsha indawo yabo. Uvele Pacific Ocean baqala ukuvela le lamatshwayo iNorth Atlantic Ocean uye waba sibonelo of Tetris, okuyinto ukuhlukanisa yezwekazi iqembu eningizimu nasenyakatho. Futhi esikhathini we Paleozoic Pangea igcwaliswe kumiswa eyesithathu.

Laurasia futhi Gondwana - ozitholela?

Kukhona inguqulo Pangea - ezwekazini, ezivela ngesikhathi ukushayisana ka amazwekazi Gondwana futhi Laurasia. At the site sigameko ukushayisana kwakheka eminingi yasendulo amabanga amabili entabeni: i Appalachians futhi Urals. Kulokhu bonke ayikapheli, amapuleti lithospheric baqhubeka ukuhambisa nomunye ukuhlangana, kuholele ku-loop ayengaphansi nezwekazi eliseningizimu uye wathuthela ngaphansi liyingxenye yezwe, elalisendlini enyakatho. Lokhu ososayensi inqubo ukubiza self-ukumuncwa.

Ukungqubuzana supercontinent ezimbili ezinamandla kwaba ukuvela ekucindezelayo ezinkulu maphakathi Pangea adalwe kubo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu ukungezwani uye waqinisa kuphela oholele kwenye ingxabano. Ezinye izazi ziye zathi phambili imfundiso yokuthi Pangea kwakungelona - likhona Gondwana futhi Laurasia, okuyinto zivaliwe ukuba nomunye by kakhulu ngendlela 200 million eminyakeni, nalapho kwamanzi yaphuka futhi isihlakazeka.

Izici kwesikhathi Paleozoic,

Kwakuphakathi Paleozoic supercontinent Pangea waba olulodwa. Isikhathi kwesikhathi - iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-290. Le nkathi kwaba ukuvela ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo, futhi yaphela yokuqothulwa yabo mass.

Zonke kwamadwala kwamiswa ngaleso sikhathi, okukhulunywe iqembu Palaeozoic. Lenchazelo wokuqala ukwethula sesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, owaziwa Adamu Sedzhvik England.

Pangea - ezwekazini nge lokushisa aphansi, ngoba izinqubo eziye zenzeka ngesikhathi yomsuka wawo, kuye kwaholela yokuthi umehluko okushisa zezingongolo kanye yenkabazwe lalibalulekile.

Ukuvela eziphilayo

Ingxenye esemqoka eziphilayo owakhiwe kolwandle. Organisms baye bethatheka zonke izindawo kungenzeka, ukuthatha amanzi ahlanzekile futhi emanzini angajulile. Ekuqaleni base ezidla uhlaza: tabulates, archeocyathids, bryozoans.

Phakathi nale nkathi, kwakunoFakazi amakilasi eziningi ezahlukene kanye nezinhlobo izidalwa eziphilayo. Ekuqaleni, zonke izinto eziphilayo eziye zaphila ezilwandle, futhi eziphambili kakhulu kwakungabafundi cephalopods.

Nini wokugcina - Perm - Paleozoic sikhathi, ku izwe ezembethe amahlathi obuningi, ayesevele ehlala izilwane ezincelisayo lasekuqaleni. Senzeka ngaleso sikhathi baqala ukuvela zveroreptilii ngesihluku.

Inkathi ukuqothulwa enkulu yezinto eziphilayo

Ekupheleni the Paleozoic inkathi kwavela isigaba saso sokugcina - kwesikhathi Permian. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakungekho yokuqothulwa kwemvelo ososayensi abakubheka ambitious kakhulu emlandweni Zomhlaba.

Ngaphambi kulomhlaba lalihlala amafomu yinqaba zokuphila: zangaphambi izithombe Dinosaurs, oshaka futhi ezihuquzelayo usayizi omkhulu.

Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa, mayelana 95% azo zonke izinhlobo eziphilayo eziphilayo ziphela nyá. Umphumela ebaluleke kakhulu ukwakheka kanye nokuchitheka Pangea kwaba ukushabalala izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo of ezingenamgogodla, okuyinto kuye kwavula yezinguquko labantu eMhlabeni kwezinhlobo ezintsha ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo nezilwane.

Ukuhlukaniswa Pangea

eminyakeni million 250 edlule, Pangea waphinda ahlukaniselwe amazwekazi amabili. Kwakukhona Gondwana futhi Laurasia. Kube kuqhekeka ngendlela yokuthi Gondwana zimunye ngokwayo: Ningizimu Melika, yezwekazi laseNdiya, e-Australia, e-Afrika kanye ne-Antarctica. Ukwakheka Laurasia zazihlanganisa izindawo samanje Asia, e-Europe, Greenland naseNyakatho Melika.

Zonke amazwekazi ajwayelekile kithi ebalazweni ezindawo - kukhona izinsalela supercontinent lasendulo. Izigidi iminyaka komhlaba yokuhlukanisa laqonda laqhubeka landa, okuholela kwetinhlavu amazwekazi yesimanje. Kwakheka ngesikhala egcwele amanzi ezilwandle, okuyinto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ibilokhu ihlukaniswe yaba Atlantic ne-Indian.

isiqeshana Solid komhlaba lahlukaniswa laba eNyakatho neMelika eYurophu nase-Asia, kanye prolih iBering Strait phakathi.

puzzle ezindawo

Uma sihlolisise ukuthi wonke, amazwekazi kuso akha uhlobo lokuzijabulisa temaphazili. Ngokubukeka, ungabona ukuthi amazwekazi kwezinye izindawo akuhlanganisileyo kahle.

Umbono lososayensi ukuthi amazwekazi sake linye, angahlolwa usebenzisa zokukhwabanisa elula. Kuyinto ngokwanele ukuthatha nebalazwe, amazwekazi bese usika ukuqhathanisa kubo nomunye.

Uma ufaka ndawonye-Afrika naseNingizimu Melika, uzobona ukuthi wabuka usebe lwawo cishe yonke indawo ehambisanayo. Namuhla kunesimo esithi asifane uzokwazi ukuba uyigcine, eNyakatho Melika, Greenland, Afrika naseYurophu.

Ngo-1915, i-Alfred Wegener - nesangoma, usosayensi, owakhonza iminyaka eminingi uye wafunda nokuhlaziwa idatha kwezazi nokuma kwezwe - wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi Umhlaba elalingumKhomanisi izwekazi olulodwa. Nguye okuthiwa nezwekazi Pangea.

Hypothesis Wegner kungaqashelwa iminyaka eminingi. iminyaka engu-40 kuphela ngemva kokufa usosayensi German sika, nokucabanga kwakhe ukuthi amazwekazi drift njalo, ziye waqaphela by isayensi olusemthethweni. Supercontinent Pangea owawukhona ngempela futhi bathonywe izinto zangaphakathi nezangaphandle isihlakazeka.

Ososayensi babikezela Ngokuzayo

Khumbula ukuthi, ngokuvumelana theory zamanje, ososayensi, njalo eminyakeni million 500 zonke amazwekazi ekhona kwakhiwa izwekazi esisodwa inqubo uxhumano. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ingxenye yenkathi kusukela ushintsho indawo amazwekazi sesivele sidlulile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi cishe izigidi ezingu-250 eminyakeni Umhlaba izoshintsha futhi ukubonisa entsha Pangea Ultiama, okuzobe ahlanganisa: Afrika, e-Australia, i-Eurasia yayigcwele, aseMelika futhi Antarctica.

Kulokhu okungenhla singaphetha ngokuthi umlando kumiswa nokubuna zasendulo zaleli zwekazi - omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu kanye izigaba abalulekile kakhulu emlandweni kule planethi yethu. Le nqubo eyindilinga iyaphindwa njalo eminyakeni abayizigidi ezingu-500. Sidinga ukwazi ukuthi uphinde ufunde umlando nezwekazi Pangea ngowokuqala unombono lokho Umhlaba esizayo.