KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Ulwazi isitoreji medium of the umoba kamoba. kwisitoreji semidiya Lasendulo

Sinazo cishe njalo ukusetshenziswa usuku CD-disk, flash ngemoto, futhi iphepha, kodwa musa ngisho ukuthi lezi Abezindaba umlando walo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sazo kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe nezinye izindlela ukugcina zidlulisela imiyalezo, amasampula zazo zingatholakala, mhlawumbe, kuphela iminyuziyamu. Old abezindaba ngcono ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono abantu. ukubukeka ngasinye esisha yabo kuthi kulula futhi kuphumelela ngaphezu owedlule. Namuhla medium isitoreji ngeziqu sasemhlangeni, eyesikhumba lasendulo, noma izibhebhe zobumba ukutshela ososayensi okuningi ngokuphila esikhathini eside esadlulako. Ezinye zazo yilezi kude ngaphambi analogue yesimanje isikhathi ukugcinwa kolwazi.

Izithunzi emihumeni

Eyokuqala abezindaba, ososayensi abaziwayo - walolu donga isithombe. Bahlangana emihumeni izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. Ekuqaleni, isicelo Cishe wasebenzisa Umbala izingoma. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwabonakala fragility lwamaphethini enjalo, futhi njengoba steel ithuluzi esetshenziswa amatshe abukhali. Bona wadweba izindonga petroglyphs (igama lisuselwa amazwi YesiGreki "idwala" futhi "ngentambo"). Tingcikitsi eyinhloko aqoshiwe - ozingela, izilwane, uhlobo izigcawu. Namuhla, luhlala injongo okungacaci imidwebo enjalo. Babonisa version ukuthi bangabafokazi ezihlobene nenkolo noma yakhelwe bahlobise imizi, futhi kungenzeka kwaba indlela ukuba idlulisele ukwaziswa ukuze amalungu esizwe.

Izibonelo eziningi zasendulo edwaleni art inomlando omude kakhulu. Abavubukuli bakholelwa ukuthi babedalelwe engaphezu kwamashumi amane amawaka edlule.

ubumba

Evolution of abezindaba kwaba sisendleleni befuna izinto, umsebenzisi-friendly futhi uyakwazi kanyekanye ukulondoloza umlayezo for isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka. Esikhundleni petroglyphs futhi idwala ubuciko weza ezibhebheni zobumba. umsuka wabo ehlangene umsuka ngokubhala yaseGibithe naseMesopotamiya. Zaziyini lezi abezindaba? Ithebula lalinabashumayeli amapuleti camera nge ungqimba ezondile zobumba. Umbhalo izinhlamvu esetshenziswa itshe noma ngezinduku. Ubhale ku ubumba olumanzi kanye tablet ke omisiwe. Eduze kwalo ungenza omunye ngezindlela ezimbili: kuphakathi kokuthi ukushiya futhi, uma kunesidingo, ukusula umbhalo, moisten ngamanzi noma amakhekhe. Kulo mBhalo, ulwazi egcinwe okwesikhathi eside, ngaphambi kokubhujiswa esiphathiswa. Izinsalela izibhebhe ezinjalo, abavubukuli embulele namuhla. Lena okutholakele ezibalulekile kakhulu ongakusho okuningi okhokho bethu baphila kanjani.

Kukhona futhi izibhebhe zobumba esinombhalo we-cuneiform yethulwa endaweni Sumer zasendulo yesithathu yeminyaka BC. Abantu abaningi esetshenziswa lolu hlobo ulwazi yenethiwekhi kwaze kwaba yilapho kuvela leli phephandaba.

wax

ERoma lasendulo run nezibhebhe wax. Babedalelwene of boxwood, beech noma ithambo futhi kwadingeka indentation ngoba upharafini. Ngu wax baxhumane ngothi lokuloba, a iloliwe induku yensimbi. izimpawu ezinjalo zingase kalula kabusha esetshenziswa: izimpawu kusulwe kalula. Ngeshwa, izimo lokushisa awavunyelwe ukugcina iningi okuqoshiwe ku imidiya enjalo. Nokho, ezinye amasampula Usufike kuze kube namuhla. Omunye wabo - the polyptych (eziboshiwe amaphilisi lesikhumba ezizibeni wax amaningi) eliqukethe Novgorod Codex, etholakale kwi-Insimu edolobheni lasendulo.

Ulwazi isitoreji medium of the umoba umhlanga

Kuzo zonke izinhlobo amaphilisi, futhi kwaba izincwadi lokhuni yayinesithiyo esisodwa - bahlaziya eziningi. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi ukuqhubeka izindlela ukugcina bese bedlulisela ukwaziswa waqhubeka base indlela yokusesha ukuxegiselwa. AbaseGibithe yasungulwa isixazululo. Engxenyeni enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC yesibili, benyuka medium isitoreji umoba kamoba. Kwakuwusuku ngesitshalo sebungu, senziwa kulesi simila ofanayo. Nakuba lokhu eyisihlobo sedge yasakazwa saseNayile Delta. Namuhla, zilwane zasendle papyrus is zicishe zakhubeka.

ubuchwepheshe

Inkampani yenethiwekhi Imininingwane ngeziqu imihlanga wadala ngezigaba eziningana. Okokuqala, wahlanza kusukela isitshalo amagxolo enkabeni yalo sibe yimichilo mncane. Ngokulandelayo, wabeka phezu flat ungqimba zabo obukhulu. Ngemva kwalokho, ingxenye emapheshana wabekwa phezu ukubola at engele kwesokudla. Zonke embozwe itshe flat, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile kwesokunxele elangeni. Lapho ishidi okuholela kuba ngokwanele sula kubo, ke isando wacasulwa futhi eshelelayo.

Papyrus ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswe ndawonye, ethe njo ndawonye. It uthola kudabuke side, okuyinto zigcinwe ngesimo imiqulu. I-papyrus lokuqala lalibizwa ngokuthi "protokolon". Ubuso umqulu nguye lapho imicu babe ovundlile.

esebenza

Papyrus, isithombe ongawabona nakwenye iwebhusayithi esizinikezele umlando Egypt, livame ukusetshenziswa isikhathi esingaphezu kwesisodwa. Lapho ulwazi oluqukethwe ebusweni, kuba okufakiwe asihlobene noma umane engadingekile egcwele inzuzo. Ngokuvamile-ke ukuvalelwa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene etemibhalo. Ngezinye izikhathi kuba umbhalo ezingadingekile kusukela ngasohlangothini lwesokunene wageza.

Papyrus eGibhithe lasendulo nalapho ibekwe imibhalo engcwele kanye imininingwane ephathelene nsuku zonke imisebenzi yasendlini. Inkampani yenethiwekhi Imininingwane ngeziqu sasemhlangeni, ngokusobala, watholela lapha ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho kuzalwa lokubhala, ngenkathi predynastic. Ngokuvamile esitholakala emakhasini zingatholakala imiqulu isithombe.

Found

Papyrus - hhayi umengameli enokwethenjelwa kakhulu. Londoloza nabo ifomu angashintshiwe kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, Nokho eminyuziyamu kungabonwa afakwe avaliwe ingilazi amabhokisi ngaphakathi lapho kunesidingo lokushisa kanye nomswakama. Papyrus esetshenziswa ku yonke indawo IGrisi NeRoma, kodwa zisekhona amakhophi kuphela, kugcinwa Egypt: selitulu kuleli zwe okuba nawo ethambile kuzo ukusekelwa ngezinto ezibonakalayo kuyinto umphumela kancane yaba mibi kakhulu.

Ngenxa izimo ezikhethekile eSigodini saseNayile, abavubukuli nezazi-mlando bakwazi bajwayelane "uMthethosisekelo abase-Athene bathanda" U-Aristotle, Latin inkondlo "Alcestis Barcelona", abanye imisebenzi Menander futhi Philodemos Gadarskogo. Imiqulu nalezi amasampula ka izincwadi zasendulo eziye zatholakala eGibhithe.

Ukugcwaliswa inkathi

Evolution, okwakukhona abezindaba lasendulo, akazange ame. La ma-papyrus abangu kabanzi eMpumalanga kuze BC VIII leminyaka. Nokho, e-Europe e ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo konemimoya ukuqopha kusuka esikhumbeni sesilwane. Wakhuthaza ke njengoba emfushane eshalofini impilo zebungu (waqhubeka iminyaka kungekho ezingaphezu kuka-200), kanye nokwehlisa inani lalezi zimbali eGibhithe.

Isikhumba izilwane wokuba umgcini walo mcebo

Nesikhumba uvele ekhulwini V. BC. e. yasePheresiya. Kusukela lapho waba sesimweni Ancient Greece, lapho aba khona kunalokho asebenzayo ne BC II leminyaka. Kwakuthinta ngalesi sikhathi, Egypt uvinjelwe zokuthumela-papyrus ezisukela enkulungwaneni zwe. isinqumo esinjalo eyayiyoholela nokuphakamisa Library of Alexandria, uma kulinganiswa nokwenu elise asePhergamu e-Asia Minor. Khona-ke amaGreki namaPheresiya zikhunjulwe icebo yabo, baye bathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe futhi sebeqalile usebenzisa izinto ezintsha. Kule ndaba, medium isitoreji ngesikhumba sesilwane futhi wabizwa ngokuthi "isikhumba". EGrisi, ekukhiqizeni yayo esetshenziswa izikhumba iphathwa ngokukhethekile wezimvu nezimbuzi.

iphepha inkathi

Nesikhumba lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi ngokubhala izinto phezulu main kuya nucleation kokunyathelisa. Bese isikhashana skinning kwezilwane ezisetshenziswayo parallel leli phephandaba. Nokho, ubunkimbinkimbi ukukhiqizwa isikhumba kuye kwaholela kancane kancane ukulahla ke esivuna imidiya entsha.

Leli phephandaba, ngokusho zemihla Chinese, kwase kukhona zasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesibili AD leminyaka, Cai Lun. Imivubukulo, kunjalo, aveza umsuka ngaphambili we impahla (BC mayelana II ekhulwini). Cai Lun, ngokuvumelana imiqondo yesimanje, izinto zobuchwepheshe obuphambili wenza iphepha eshibhile futhi okuhlala isikhathi eside. Inqubo yokukhiqiza yokuloba impahla ke laqedwa material main eluhlaza (indwangu, umlotha, Hemp) waqala ukwengeza glue, isitashi kanye Umbala ejenti. Nokho, ngokuvamile, indlela yokwakheka iphepha zanamuhla azihlukile kakhulu kulokho eqale iyikho.

Esikhathini XI-XII eminyaka abezindaba entsha Imininingwane wafika Europe waxosha yesikhumba. Nge ukuthuthukiswa zokunyathelisa ukukhiqizwa iphepha laliqala ukwanda kakhulu. ukuguqulwa Eminye yale yenethiwekhi Iwazi kubangelwe izindlela ngcono production, ushintsho kancane kancane kusuka manual womshini ngomshini.

Namuhla ephepheni kancane ngelinye ngu nozakwabo digital nawe-elekthronikhi. Isici eyinhloko abezindaba esikhathini sethu - inani lememori. Paper kancane kancane lokho elikushoyo, nakuba ikhiqizwa namanje ngamanani amakhulu. Isikhumba futhi-papyrus, izithombe atholakala kalula kwi-inthanethi, into yesikhathi esidlule, nakuba ayengaphansi isetshenziswa namuhla ngabaculi. Umlando abezindaba sibonisa isifiso lwesintu ukuba bathuthuke, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho izimfanelo evamile kunazo zonke ekuphileni.

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