Yini liqukethe inhlabathi? nenhlabathi Sandy. nenhlabathi azibukhali

Kuyini ingcebo enkulu kakhulu kule planethi yethu? Yiqiniso, kungcono amanzi kanye nomoya, kodwa ungakhohlwa mayelana okunye. Mayelana ngezizathu. Kuyinto substrate evundile inikeza izigidi zinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane nezitshalo, sibonga kuye ukuthi kukhona ingxenye enkulu ye-Jikelele Lwamakheli. Uyazi ukuthi siqukethe inhlabathi? Uma unentshisekelo, ungafunda isihloko sethu!

Kuyini inhlabathi?

Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi phansi bo nyawo - inhlabathi evamile, ukucabanga ngendlela efanayo ngokuyivikela ngezithako zawo futhi akenzi eyodwa. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, inhlabathi kumiswa eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zemvelo. Evamile, ihlukaniswe yaba a okuqinile futhi ingxenye liquid ingxenyenamba gaseous ingxenye bukhoma. Ukwakheka ingxenye okuqinile zihlanganisa namaminerali amaningi, futhi ethile izinto ezifile. Ingxenyana uketshezi - amanzi namaminerali siphela.

Ngakho, ingxenye gaseous uyalandisa emoyeni nezinye amagesi akhiwa phansi ngenxa ukuvuza khona izinqubo engokwemvelo. isigaba Live - kukhona yizigidi zezigidigidi isikhunta, isikhunta, amagciwane, ezinhlamvu, nezinye biomass. Yilokho kuthathwa inhlabathi.

Izici Zabantu ingxenyenamba okuqinile

Izinhlayiyana izakhi okuqinile amaminerali yisisekelo ingxenyenamba okuqinile. Kukholakala ukuthi akha isihlabathi nobumba. Ngaphansi isihlabathi waqonda izinto ezisuka ku-1 kuya 0.01 mm ububanzi, futhi konke lincane 0.01 mm, ukwakha ubumba. Zonke zesandulela ezingaphezu kweyodwa sentimutha ububanzi akhiwa enamadwala inhlabathi skeleton.

Yini okudingeka ukuba wazi konke lokhu? Iqiniso lokuthi iphesenti lezi zinto incike Inhlabathi. Lapha kukhona definition zenhlabathi, okuholela imisebenzi yakhe cishe zonke agriculturists ovelele:

• isihlabathi Okuxekethile, aqukethe hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-5% nobumba.
• Sand ixhunyiwe, esesikhundleni 5-10% izinhlayiya zobumba.
• Sandy loam, lapho ingxenyenamba ubumba kuziwa 20%.
• loam Khanyisa. Okuqukethwe ingxenyenamba ubumba elilingana 20-30%.
• Isilinganiso loam umhlabathi. Iqukethe 30-45% nobumba.
• loam esindayo, has 45-60% lapho ubumba ngokomzimba.
• Clay.

Ukwazi igama inhlabathi, uzokwazi ukucacisa ukuthi ziyini inhlabathi.

ezinye izici

Yiqiniso, isakhiwo mechanical uye kokuqagela ithonya wezolimo izinga umhlabathi okuzala yayo futhi biomass therein. Ngakho, empeleni loams sandy esekhuhla kakhulu nenhlabathi ukukhanya avamise ukubizwa ngokuthi ukucubungula kwabo ithatha kancane amandla kanye nezinsiza. Ngakho, cishe bonke naphakathi loam sandy nobumba uqobo akunakubangelwa inhlabathi esindayo, ngoba ukulima futhi kulinywe ukuchitha uphethiloli kakhulu. Okunye izici inhlabathi futhi incike ukuthungwa yabo.

Ngakho, umhlabathi ukukhanya kuyinto okuxekethile kakhulu, kulula kakhulu ukuba miss umswakama ezijulile futhi emoyeni. Bona sekuqala ukufudumala ngokushesha entwasahlobo. Lokho bawa nje emanzini, uma neze, ngabalonda; zonke izinsalela organic ukuthi ukucacisa ukuvundisa inhlabathi Kulula kakhulu wageza kalula. Clay umhlabathi ezimbi sekuqala ukufudumala ezinjengendle pass umswakama nomoya. Kodwa okuqukethwe umswakama njalo mayelana efanayo. A nomsoco siphakeme kakhulu kunalokhu uma uqhathanisa lezi zibalo nge nenhlabathi sandy.

timphawu tesakhiwo

Zonke izici amaminerali inhlabathi lungahlanganiswa ukwakha izakhiwo ezinkudlwana. Uma lesi simo is hhayi waphawula, inhlabathi kungokwalabo ezihlukahlukene akusenjalo. primer okunjalo kungase kungabi substrate engcono kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesihlahla nasekuvezeni ngoba esethole kahle ohlelweni impande.

nenhlabathi sandy

isibonelo esiphelele - nenhlabathi sandy. Ngakho-ke ngokuthi primer, equkethe kusuka 0 kuya 5% izinhlayiya zobumba. Nenhlabathi yalolu hlobo kukhona engasindi kakhulu, abanayo noma isiphi isakhiwo. Kulawa, cishe khona manjalo zakhukhula izakhi kanye amanzi iyasha ngokushesha.

Ukuze uthole okungenani ezinye isivuno ezimweni ezinjalo ngokuvamile kufanele abeke semali zikamanyolo, futhi wenze umhlabathi kwesakhiwo, sandla ubumba, Peat kanye sawdust overrotten. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inhlabathi sandy e Kulokhu zingaphenduka ebizayo kakhulu, kusukela ngcono yabo kwadingeka achithe isikhathi esiningi, izinsiza kanye nemali.

Eminyakeni yamuva, isayensi akazami ukulwa bebodwa nokuntula isakhiwo esihlabathini, futhi awazange akhethwe lezo zitshalo ukuthi kungase kudale ngokwakho. Ikakhulukazi, zikhona cultivars elalihloselwe ngokukhethekile i izimo ehlane.

Banezinhliziyo fibrous ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo impande, okuyinto ezihlabayo eziningana utshani ngokuqinile ukusondelana nomunye ukwakha "kombhede" namandla. Ngaphansi kwalo kuyinto kancane kancane ukunqwabelana kwezakhi, kusukela amanzi emoyeni ingasakwazi iphume futhi azishaye. Uma izitshalo kulinywa efana lulwimi ehlane ezweni, eminyakeni embalwa lapho kwakhiwa ngempela eyamukelekayo kakhulu yokutshala izimila inhlabathi.

Kuyini inhlabathi kuhle kwezolimo?

Ososayensi izazi zezolimo namahlathi bakholelwa ukuthi elilungile kakhulu kuyinto inhlabathi usayizi kuyizinhlayiyana kusukela mm 10 kuya 0.25. Akuve ukungena nakwamanye amazwe futhi kahle umelana ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-phansi esihle amanzi Friend ezinjalo, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho ukuhwamuka yayo kuqhathaniswa kancane.

Inzuzo main Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phezu lolu hlobo inhlabathi cishe ayakhekanga obukhulu koqweqwe omisiwe evimbela ukukhula nokuthuthuka izitshalo kwamasiko. Ngisho nesakhiwo umoya inhlabathi luhlale lubalulekile, it is hhayi kushaywa aphume inhlabathi. Ngakho, nezidingo zesakhiwo inhlabathi ceteris paribus kuzovumela ukuqoqa isivuno sasiyoba sikhulu kakhulu.

Yiqiniso, ungathola lo mphumela nomhlabathi akusenjalo, kodwa kuyodingeka ichithe isikhathi esiningi nemali kuzanywa ngandlela-thile iwukudambisa izici zayo ezingezinhle.

humus

Kanye izinhlayiya ezihlukahlukene amaminerali in the ingxenyenamba okuqinile sihlanganisa humus izinhlayiya. Khumbula ukuthi izinsalela kangaka okuthiwa zezilwane nezitshalo, kusetshenzwe inhlabathi microflora. Ngokuvamile, enhlabathini evamile iqukethe semali izakhi, kodwa iningi labo awatholakali izitshalo.

Kuphela ngenxa nezilwanyana ezincane saprophytic ukuthi kabusha enjalo organic, izitshalo ziyatholakala ukumuncwa kwezakhi. I engenhla inhlabathi ungqimba iqukethe kufika ku-15% humus. Lokho okungukuthi, izakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwenhlabathi kangcono - okuzala yayo kanye kalula ukucutshungulwa.

Amanzi kanye amagesi

Akulona ihaba ukuthi zonke izinqubo inhlabathi ingatholakala kuphela uma umswakama enhlabathini. Kunoma ikuphi, ngaphandle kwalo ngeke akhule izitshalo, nezinto ezincane eziphilayo ayaphela. Zonke umswakama futhi enenhlabathi nosawoti of microelements, okuyinto ziyoncibilika ke, kwakha isixazululo inhlabathi. Kule isusela izimila ezidingekile impilo kanye nokuthuthukiswa izakhi yezimbiwa.

Zonke phakathi kwendlu izinhlayiya, okuyinto ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile kungukuthi elalihlala amanzi nomoya. Nokho, kwezinye izimo, kungase kuthathe indawo methane, hydrogen sulfide ne-carbon dioxide noma okumsulwa (ihlathi nenhlabathi ezindaweni elisezansi). Phela, emoyeni Soil nje okuqukethwe ngekufana nekwehluka kwato okusezingeni eliphezulu we-carbon monoxide. Lokho izitshalo beneme, nezinto ezincane eziphilayo saprophytic ngenkuthalo nokwenza imisebenzi yabo ukubhekisiswa substrate, inhlabathi kumele okungenani ibe 15% emoyeni.

ingxenyenamba Live

Njengoba kakade siye okushiwo ingxenyenamba bukhoma siqukethe bacterium, ulwelwe nesikhunta. Amagciwane angabasizi emangalisayo ezibalulekile inhlabathi, njengoba ukuguqula namaminerali kumafomu atholakale izitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okusanhlamvu ungene ubuhlobo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana nezilwanyana ezincane, okuyinto bayakwazi ukulungisa nitrogen emoyeni usifake ifomu digestible.

Okubalulekile! Uma umhlabathi-pH ongaphakeme (enhlabathini ene-asidi), ama-bacterium kuwo lincane kakhulu. Umsebenzi ku noqhekeko izinsalela organic kulokhu usebenze ngokuphelele isikhunta. Yiqiniso, emhlabathini futhi aqukethe isamba esikhulu ngisho ezingenamgogodla ezinamangqamuzana amaningi futhi ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo (amavukuzi, amagundane imvukuzane) izilwane.

Manje uyazi ukuthi liqukethe inhlabathi.

enhlabathini ene-asidi

Njengoba siye okukhulunywa mayelana ejwayelekile uphawu nenhlabathi acid, ake sixoxe ngalokhu phansi kancane xaxa. Kuyini imayelana nani?

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni izinga nenhlabathi kuyinto asidi yabo. Le nkomba abathathi hlangothi, uma i-pH ilingana 7. Uma kuwukuthi inhlabathi ane-alikhali. Ngaphansi - lokhu enhlabathini ene-asidi. Lokhu isici asithinti nje kuphela microflora, kodwa futhi ku lemali amaminerali ziyoncibilika inhlabathi futhi izakhi eziphumayo. Iningi izitshalo kutshalwa siyidinga impela umhlabathi hlangothi noma kancane ane-alikhali, kodwa futhi kukhona labo zinhlobo ezidinga isimo asidi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-rye, okuyinto wedwa kungaba ngokuphawulekayo acidifying inhlabathi.

Sinquma pH wedwa

Lokhu kuzodinga isibani bese inkomba isixazululo (phenolphthalein, isibonelo) ongashintsha umbala kuncike izici medium. Lo mkhumbi naye esincane inhlabathi, bese zonke Shake ezinhle uhlanganise kahle konke. Ngemva kwalokho kudingeka ulinde size luhlala slurry nesixazululo akashintshi umbala. Ukusebenzisa imiyalelo izidakamizwa, ukucacisa inhlabathi asidi. Lokho kunqunywa inhlabathi izici.

Isexwayiso! Ngokuphambene nombono ovamile, pH akuyona njalo. Kungenzeka ezahlukene ngisho ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane yensimu, ngakho ucwaningo kumele kwenziwe izikhathi eziningana, ukuthatha amasampula enhlabathi izindawo okungenani ezintathu noma ezine. Ngemva isicelo ngasinye kukamanyolo (ikakhulukazi okumbiwa phansi) futhi kudingeka uhlole izinga asidi.

Yini engenziwa ukushintsha Inkomba?

Uma umhlabathi asidi eningi kangangokuba akukho, kubalulekile ukuba deoxidize. Ngenxa yale njongo, limestone, wokulinganisa, futhi abanye Izingxube sesikhashana, okuyizinto ngokukhethekile ukhiqiza umkhakha wezolimo. Esimeni lapho asidi nje usadinga ngcono, sebenzisa Peat abavamile noma umquba. Yebo, enhlabathini ene-asidi ngokuvamile eyatholakala kusukela labo balimi abasebenzisa inqwaba kuba Umanyolo wemvelo.