Plateau Iranian: kwendawo indawo, indawo, inqwaba yezinto zemvelo kanye nezici

Highlands, okuzoxoxwa ngayo kulesi sihloko the driest futhi elikhulu zonke WasePheresiya. Anezinhlaka ke bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi high, wahlela imigqa eziningana emikhulu bebuthanela entshonalanga nasempumalanga, futhi obumba Pamir kanye Armenia kwezixuku ISIZINDA.

Mayelana indawo Iranian Plateau, izici wokukhululeka yayo, mayelana yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene zalezi zindawo, kanye neminye imininingwane kungatholakala kulesi sihloko.

Imininingwane Ubude Geological

Ngokocwaningo, ithafa Iranian - enye ingxenye ipuleti Eurasia, okuyinto isibambo phakathi Plate Indian kanye Plate Arabian.

izintaba eligoqiwe kuthiwa okufakwe lapha nge emathafeni nemicengezi intermountain. Ukucindezeleka phakathi kwezintaba egcwele kwezakhi impahla omkhulu clastic unconsolidated owawuya khona kusukela ezintabeni eziseduze. Ezindaweni ezijulileyo izimbotshana kanye elalihlala amachibi, sekuyisikhathi eside yomile futhi ushiye kwezakhi enkulu Gypsum nosawoti.

Isikhundla ezindawo yasethafeni Iranian

Iran - ithafa elikhulu endaweni igalelo eMpumalanga Eseduze. Futhi iningi itholakala ngaphakathi Iran futhi Afghanistan nePakistan, lingena avela empumalanga.

Umbuso wasenyakatho ingxenye kudlulela eningizimu Turkmenistan, futhi umngcele oseningizimu ne Iraq engatholwa. expanses elikhulu ithatha Plateau Iranian. izixhumanisi zayo: 12.533333 ° - latitude, 41.385556 ° --Longitude.

namathafa

Ukuze kuchazwe Plateau isici ukulandelana entabeni Amathafa elikhulu emathafeni ukuba izintaba, isimo sezulu kuqhathaniswa ezomile nokudlanga-semi ehlane nethafa namathafa. Emaketangeni ezintabeni zitholakala ezindaweni umngcele, ahlukaniswa izingxenye engaphakathi Amathafa ephansi amanga. Lesi sakamuva sihlanganisa ingxenye ngaphakathi esifundeni.

Lezi eziqhelile izintaba bukhomba ku zase-Armenia (ntshonalanga) kanye Pamir (e-mpumalanga), ukwakha omkhulu amasayithi entabeni. Futhi in the ezahlukene upland uchungechunge abekelwe emaceleni zikude nomunye, futhi ezindaweni therebetween baningi ayimigodi, izintaba Amathafa.

Umsuka igama Highlands

Ithafa Iranian kuyinto nsimu yabo enkulukazi, ogama ndawo cishe 2.7 million izinyawo square. amakhilomitha, ubude bawo kuyinto usuke entshonalanga uye empumalanga 2.500 amakhilomitha, ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu - 1500 km. Ingxenye enkulu yalo itholakala ensimini ka-Iran (kuthatha cishe 2/3 kwendawo), ngokuqondene esesikhundleni igama Highlands. Ezinye izindaba zika-indawo ihlanganisa ezinye izindawo Afghanistan nePakistan.

Isikhathi esiningi Emaphethelweni yayo enyakatho lingaphakathi Turkmen-Khorasan Mountains (ingxenye Kopet Dag izintaba), kanye izingxenye esentshonalanga ke - ku ezindaweni zase-Iraq.

impumuzo

nsimu enkulu ugajwe Plateau Iranian. Iphuzu esiphezulu kuba ezindaweni zalo zangaphakathi.

Cishe isimiso sezinto ezindaweni eningizimu abekelwe emaceleni has a isici, cishe izici ezifanayo isimo sezwe kanye nezakhiwo. Mount lapha cishe lobulinganako (kusuka ngamamitha 1500 kuya ku-2500) futhi kuphela engxenyeni emaphakathi (Zagros) zifinyelela ubude obungamamitha angaphezu kwangu-4000 m.

Lamagquma kukhona parallel entabeni uchungechunge, eligoqiwe futhi eligoqiwe Cainozoic Mesozoic amatshe, phakathi lapho ukucindezeleka ububanzi (ukuphakama kwamamitha 1,500 ukuze 2,000).

Futhi kubonakala lapha ezihosheni eziningi, crosswise, kodwa zasendle ngakho futhi ayibanzi, ukuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola. Kodwa kukhona yokusetshenziswa odabula kulesi sigodi ebanzi futhi evulekile ngaphezulu, lapho indlela yokuxhumana nomunye ugu asemaqaqasini ithafa.

Ingxenye engaphakathi Highlands kahle igudle entabeni lwesikhathi. Elbrus Itholakala arc enyakatho ne Damavand intabamlilo (ukuphakama salo 5604 m). Futhi nazi Turkmen-Khorasan ezintabeni (kuhlanganise Kopet Dagh), Paropamiz, Hindu Kush (Tirich Mir yayinokuphakama phezulu 7690 m - intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke yasethafeni Iranian).
Ezinye eziningi iziqongo eziphakeme kunazo zezinkangala akhiwa eliphahlwe izintabamlilo yokuqothulwa nezinto ezibolile.

Minerals ithafa Iranian

Mineral izinqolobane ezinkangala kancane wafunda futhi wasebenzisa kabi, kodwa, ngokusobala, zinkulu kakhulu. Umcebo eyinhloko esifundeni linjengamafutha, eziningi zigcine tibheke iphinde ithuthukiswe Iran (eningizimu-ntshonalanga). Lezi ezifakwa ezihlobene nokusebenzelana Mesozoic futhi Miocene foothill kuka (the Zagros). Libuye uyazi ukuba khona hydrocarbon izinqolobane enyakatho Iran, ezindaweni elisezansi we South iCaspian (Azerbaijan esifundeni i-Iran).

Ithafa Iranian has e inhlabathi yayo namalahle (ezilwandle zezintaba emngceleni osenyakatho okuyingxenye). ezifakwa Akwaziwa lomthofu, bethusi, bensimbi, igolide, i-zinc nokunye. Aziyona ezindaweni elingaphakathi e lamagquma abekelwe emaceleni yasethafeni Iranian, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa yabo namanje abangelutho.

Futhi nosawoti izinqolobane omkhulu: sodium, i-potassium ne Glauber. Ngo usawoti eningizimu has engu eCambria futhi kuyinto usawoti domes enamandla, phezu kwaleyo. Kukhona usawoti imali kanye nakwezinye izindawo eziningi, futhi nokho basuke imali osebeni lomfula eyabaningi amachibi usawoti ezingxenyeni eyinhloko Highlands.

izimo zezulu

Cishe zonke Plateau Iranian luphakathi zone esihle. Izingxenye zalo zangaphakathi, njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, sizungezwe ezintabeni. Lokhu kunquma sezulu yasethafeni Iranian kanye nezici zayo - ukoma, amazinga okushisa aphakeme ehlobo, futhi ezwekazini layo.

Isifingqo kwezulu uwela ngaphakathi Plateau ebusika kanye entwasahlobo ngezikhathi ngaphambili polar, enikezwe zasezindaweni therealong emoyeni ingena lisuka e-Atlantic. Ngenxa inxenye enkulukazi abaphuca umswakama ububanzi GVW kwezulu uphansi kulezi zindawo.
Ngokwesibonelo, maphakathi (. Deshte-LUT futhi njll) etholwe okungenani wu 100 mm imvula phakathi nonyaka, emithambekeni esentshonalanga - 500 mm, futhi Oriental - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-300 mm. ogwini iCaspian Sea futhi Elbrus (emthambekeni yayo enyakatho) kuphela ukuthola up 2 ayizinkulungwane. Mm imvula, ezihlinzekwa imimoya Northerly ezivela ezindaweni iCaspian Sea ehlobo. Kulezi zindawo kukhona umswakama kakhulu, futhi kungekho ngisho bendawo.

Ithafa Iranian ine Julayi lokushisa ku amapheshana enkulu yezwe - ngaphakathi 24 ° C. Ngezinye amasayithi ezisezansi, eningizimu ikakhulukazi, ngokuvamile ifinyelela 32 ° C. Kukhona futhi ezindaweni lapho izinga lokushisa ehlobo sifinyelela 40-50 degrees, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa kumiswa emoyeni tropical phezu lezi zindawo. Winter ezingxenyeni eziningi esifundeni kubanda. Kuphela eNingizimu iCaspian elisezansi (eningizimu kakhulu) une-Januwari lokushisa kule uhla 11-15 ° C.

izwe yemifino

Umthamo kwezulu, izinkathi kanti isikhathi sebethule yabo emhlabathini upland futhi ikakhulukazi ichaze ezikhulayo kubo uhlaza zemvelo. Ithafa Iranian enamahlathi obuvamile kuphela ezindaweni ezithile emithambekeni, ohlangothini zibheke emimoyeni olumanzi.

obukhulu Ikakhulukazi futhi ecebile Ukwakheka broadleaf amahlathi ezimila emathafeni South iCaspian kanye nemithambeka eduze ka Elbrus bafinyelele endaweni engamamitha angaba ngu-2000 m.

Iningi atholakala oki lapha Chestnut nabanye yakhe zilwane, hornbeam, beech, uju isikhonyane iCaspian, yensimbi imikhando (sendawo ukuze South iCaspian), esihlale siluhlaza ibhokisi-izihlahla. Nezihlahla (esinindolweni) - hawthorn, emhlophe, iplamu. Climbing izitshalo - umvini zasendle, ivy, ijikijolo kanye Clematis.

Eliphansi amahlathi okufakwe lapha nge izindawo exhaphozini, yene nemihlanga sedge. nemizana Eduze ukunweba izingadi, ezisawolintshi emasimini, elayisi amasimu (ezindaweni ezinomswakama ngaphezulu).

Emithambekeni aseningizimu Zagros sikhule oki, umlotha, Maple, okufakwe lapha nge umbomvana futhi pistachios. amahlathi Pistachio futhi mjunipha lapho, futhi phezu emithambekeni kahle ekuniseleni Turkmen-Khorasan ezintabeni Suleiman futhi Paropamiz. Khuphuka kuleveli ikakhulu ubuswa nezihlahla enhle alpine izimfunda.

ezweni nezilwane

Plateau Iranian njengengxenye nezilwane zalo inezici Mediterranean, kanye izifunda angomakhelwane: South Asia nase-Afrika.

Enyakatho nakhona ekhaya amanye nezilwane elise-Asia Ephakathi. Ngaphezu lezi zakhamuzi zasendulo emahlathini enyakatho, njengendluzele futhi Ibhere elinsundu, atholakala lapha kanye nezinto ezidla lezi ezishisayo - izingwe kanye amahlosi. Futhi izingulube zasendle bahlala amahlozi exhaphozini.
On the ngaphakathi Highlands, emathafeni zakhona zihlala izimvu izimbuzi zasezintabeni, antelopes nezimvubu, amakati zasendle, izimpungushe namagundane ehlukahlukene. Ezindaweni ezithile zeningizimu meet mongooses nezinyamazane.

Kunezinto eziningi ezihlukahlukene zezinyoni ezitholakala bo abode kulezi zindawo, ikakhulukazi lacustrine futhi riverine amahlozi nasemaxhaphozini: amadada, goose, Flamingo, seagull. Futhi emahlathini ase-pheasants ingatholakala abavulayo ehlane ezindaweni - jay, Ryabkov kanti ezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama.

Ekuphetheni, ezinye izinkinga upland izindawo

Cishe sonke isifunda uhlushwa ukuntuleka kwamanzi. Kuphela amasayithi ambalwa olunikezwa ke. emifuleni Okugcwele-esilazayo ukuthi iyangena yoLwandle iCaspian, kwenzeka kuphela enyakatho. Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi yamanzi endaweni yasethafeni Iranian ayinakho ukugeleza unomphela futhi agcwaliswa ngamanzi kuphela uma lina noma izihlambi.

Ingxenye imifula sifinyelela yabo engenhla abe amanzi ezikhiqizwa njalo, futhi abasakwazi isikhathi eside ukuze ome out sifinyelela yabo phakathi nemithombo yasenzansi. Ngo Gulf (Gulf of Oman kanye Persian) awela emifuleni eziningana ezincane. Kwenqwaba emifula yasezinkangala (kuhlanganise ngobukhulu, Helmand, layo obuphelele - 1000 km) kungokwalabo imicengezi amanzi ngaphakathi, ehlatshwa e usawoti emachibini noma bagcina emaxhaphozini usawoti noma emaxhaphozini emathafeni. indima yabo ingenkulu: unnavigable, cishe awekho imithombo yamandla.

Kabanzi lawa manzi ukunisela. Emifuleni kanye ngesikhathi izindawo at the ophumayo ezivela emithonjeni yamanzi ashisayo kakhulu ezivundile oluhlaza.