Pragmatism ifilosofi (W. James, Charles Peirce, John Dewey)

Pragmatism ifilosofi khona ngawo-70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XIX, leli qiniso eliyisisekelo ukugeleza zenziwa Charles Pierce. Pragmatists babekholelwa ukuthi ifilosofi ngilunge ngokugcwele, walahla izimiso zalo eziyisisekelo futhi ngazimisela ukukusebenzisela indlela yabo ekubhekaneni ukuphila komuntu. Umqondo eyisisekelo ukugeleza - isimo sengqondo esisebenzayo ekuphileni awo wonke umuntu. Pragmatism ifilosofi, ngamafuphi, unikeza hhayi ukuchitha isikhathi ukuxazulula izinkinga senkolelo-mbono ngalutho esingokoqobo, futhi banesithakazelo kuphela abantu, izinkinga esiphuthumayo futhi ucabange konke ngokombono kuzuze bona. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, umsunguli we qembu Charlz Pirs. Kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuthi imfundiso yakhe zefilosofi abutholakali kuphela kuya pragmatism kanye elungile yayo. Pearce uthi ukucabanga kuyadingeka kuphela ukukhiqizwa izinkolelo esimeme, ukuthi nje ukuzimisela bayazi ukwenza ngendlela ethile esimweni ngasinye. Ulwazi ifilosofi yakhe - lokhu akulona ushintsho kusuka umuntu ongenalwazi uye ekubeni nolwazi, futhi ukujikeleza ukungabaza a inkolelo. Pearce ukholelwa ukuthi inkolelo kuyiqiniso uma kwenzeka ukuthi abantu abathile isinyathelo esisekelwe kuwo, kuphumele elihambisana sendaba. Okubizwa ngokuthi 'isimiso Peirce "ichaza zonke pragmatism ifilosofi, wonke okushiwo abantu imibono zoke yangempela (kwenta) imiphumela kungafundwa kuzo. Futhi kusukela Pierce umzimba kulandele imibono ezintathu eziyisisekelo ezindaweni:

• Lokucabanga ukuzuzwa ukwaneliseka subjective ngokwengqondo;
• iqiniso - yilokhu kuboniswa ngesimo yalokho okusebenzayo;
• izinto - iqoqo nemiphumela esisebenzayo.

Uilyam Dzheyms, umlandeli imibono Peirce uthi umuntu ngamunye ifilosofi yakhe siqu. Iqiniso liwukuthi abaningi emaceleni, futhi bezibona ngamunye nendlela yawo siqu, futhi uquqaba zonke lezi Imiphumela nezindlela ukudalwa umbono onezinkolo zomhlaba. Iqiniso - wukuthi izinto ezifanelekile ngesimo esithile ekuphileni, futhi uhambisane kakhulu nakho ngamunye. Pragmatism nefilosofi James wakha embonweni weqiniso njengoba into kokuba samuntu esisebenzayo. lesisho odumo: "Iqiniso - kuyinto ikhadi lesikweletu, okuyinto isebenza kuphela ezimweni ezithile."

Modern Western nefilosofi pragmatism Dzhona Dyui kubhekwe njengento kokuba nethonya elikhulu kakhulu emfundisweni zonke izindawo US. Dewey wagomela ukuthi ifilosofi kudala emphakathini obuswa ngentando yeningi. Waba imfundiso yokuziphendukela ucwaningo lwesayensi, kodwa isayensi ezimfundisweni zakhe - indlela ngawo abantu ukuthatha isinyathelo esifanele kakhulu. ulwazi Inhloso zomhlaba akunakwenzeka. Cognition - ukungenela asebenzayo kwaleso sifundvo ngetindlela inqubo yocwaningo, ukuhlola kanye into. I ukucabanga esetshenziswa ukuxazulula izimo eziyinkinga. Reality kudalwa inqubo ucwaningo lwesayensi. Imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene umsebenzi umphakathi (imithetho, imibono) akuvezi ngokoqobo futhi ukukhonza ukunikeza izinzuzo ezingokoqobo esimweni esithile.