RF uMthethosisekelo, Isigaba 51. Akekho ubophekile ukuba afakaze emelene laye ngokwakhe, umkakhe kanye eziseduze

Isigaba 51 soMthethosisekelo sifundeka kanje:

1. Akekho (kuchazwa njenganoma yikuphi umuntu, ngaphandle kukhulunywa isimo isakhamuzi) akaphoqelekile ukunikeza ubufakazi obumelene yena mathupha, umkakhe kanye eziseduze.

2. Umthetho Federal angabeka ezinye angayi isibopho ukufakaza.

Okuqukethwe okuthiwa ubufakazi amasosha omzimba kuhlanganisa ilungelo bokusola yena, wakhe eziseduze kanye bomshado ukuba athule, hhayi ukuba asize uphenyo (ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile). Ngo ngandlela-thile ilungelo ngokumelene samoizoblicheniya ngokunqaba imithetho cishe kuwo wonke amazwe futhi ufunda umthetho international (eMhlanganweni WaseYurophu Wamalungelo Abantu).

Lokubaluleke kakhulu kuyinto 51 sihloko soMthethosisekelo WaseRussia e kokuthethwa kwecala. Ngo inqubo uphenyo nokuqulwa kwecala ubufakazi ngokuvamile ukunquma isiphetho ngabanye.

Ilungelo ukuthulisa emthethweni Russian Federation

Iningi labantu, onolwazi kwezomthetho ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kukhona okushiwo Art. 51 soMthethosisekelo WaseRussia ukukhiqizwa US ifilimu. Inkulumo ethi "ungakwazi athule, yini okushoyo kungasetshenziswa ..." kuba ezijwayele eziningi. Umthetho wesinye isizwe ungumthombo isikhundla ngokuthi "amalungelo Miranda" futhi bacabanga ukuthi noma iluphi ulwazi eyatholakala kusukela iziboshwa hlandla them (ngekukhulumisana) amalungelo nenqubo, ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa enkantolo njengobufakazi. Ngakho, bazama ukuchaza ngokushesha.

Kodwa eRussia, "amalungelo Miranda" kungasebenzi, kanye nabantu ungaphenduli unemibuzo bezomthetho, ngokuvamile isinyathelo akhe khe detriment. Banelungelo hhayi ukudalula ulwazi babalimaze mathupha noma imindeni yabo, kodwa awukwazi athule nhlobo.

Ukuvinjelwa self-incrimination

Ilungelo ngokumelene self-incrimination - kuyingxenye ebalulekile art. 51 soMthethosisekelo. Yena lelipelwe ngokuhlukile amakhodi ezinkulu - Criminal Procedure Code, i-AIC, Administrative Ikhodi kanye Civil Code ngokwenqubo ye Russian Federation.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi preconditions ubufakazi amasosha omzimba, uvele eNkantolo XII leminyaka England, lapho esolwa ngokuhlubuka baphoqeleka ukuba enze isifungo siyilungu. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, lesi simiso - sezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu wobulungisa. Unaka ngokukhethekile e-United States, e-Australia, iJalimane, Canada kanye namazwe e-EU. Kodwa ukuqaliswa zenqubo ngelungelo ngokumelene self-incrimination iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi uhlelo yokutholwa State.

1. Ngokuvamile amazwe (icala) umthetho, uma umsolwa uyavuma ukuba afakaze, ukuthi ubuzwa njengofakazi. Ngakho, kungashiwo aphethwe nesibopho sokukhokhela ukwehluleka okwalandela zokufunda noma umyalezo kolwazi olungelona iqiniso.

2. yezwekazi amazwe uhlelo (kuhlanganise naseRussia) umsolwa noma ummangalelwa ngenqaba ukunikeza ubufakazi noma wanika ulwazi olungamanga, hhayi ukuba kukhishwe izigwebo. Kukholakala ukuthi izenzo ngaphakathi kohlaka ukuvikelwa samoizoblicheniya.

Ilungelo senqabe ubufakazi Iyindaba kuyicala ethile nje kuphela. Umuntu akakwazi udalule nanoma yiluphi ulwazi ngabo, okungaba kamuva lisetshenziswe zobulelesi njengoba ubufakazi.

Fakazani ngokumelene owakwakhe nezihlobo

Uhlu abantu ngokumelene nobani ungakwazi benqaba ukunikeza ubufakazi, owanikezwa para. 4, Art. 5 Ikhodi Criminal Procedure. Kuhlanganisa:

• Unkosikazi - umuntu okukuye somshado emahhovisi lokubhalisa.
• Abazali noma abazali abakuthola.
• Izingane, kuhlanganise yokutholwa.
• Izihlobo, kuhlanganise consanguineous kanye lesizalo abafowethu nodadewethu.
• Abazukulu.
• Noma umkhulu nogogo.

Uhlu avaliwe, futhi sisebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo ukukhiqizwa - uhlu efanayo inikezwe kwezinye amakhodi we Russian Federation. ukungenzi Big Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abafakiwe stepfathers yakhe, OSINGAMAMA, uhlala nabo (owakwakhe nezakhamuzi). Esikhathini kohlaka lobugebengu ekuqhutshweni ofakazi Unelungelo ukusebenzisa n. 3 of Art. 5 Ikhodi Criminal Procedure umqondo "abantu abaseduze" (ababebambisene ezihlobene, noma labo abamagama inhlalakahle ubufakazi ebizayo emandleni ukusondelana nomuntu). Ngokusemthethweni, isimo sabo sengqondo singasebenza ukuya kwesokudla, bakhomba uMthethosisekelo isiRashiya, Isigaba 51.

Iziqinisekiso kusukela esenzweni

Ukusebenzisa izenzo (izinsongo, ukusabisa) baphoqeleka ukuba afakaze - Kulicala ngaphansi Art. 302 we Criminal Code. Kusolwa ukuthi yiluphi ulwazi mayelana izimo impikiswano noma ubugebengu kufanele inikezwe ngokuzithandela, ngokugcwele imiphumela obekushiwo. Ngokusemthethweni, lesi simiso ndawo kushiwo, kodwa kuhilela iSivumelwano Samazwe AseYurophu at inhliziyo nomqondo lokugwetshwa.

ERussia, ke kuvikela ngokumelene ukuphoqelela nokulinganiselwa ahlobene imikhuba ukucacisa Art. 51 soMthethosisekelo WaseRussia ngaphambi ukulungiswa wonke amadokhumenti zenqubo zobulelesi nezinqubo zokwahlulela.

RF uMthethosisekelo (Isigaba 51, ohlinzekela incazelo kwesokudla ukuvikeleka ngokuphelele ngokumelene self-incrimination) ngokomthetho kukwenza kungenzeki ukuvuma. Phela, eqinisweni kungukuphula yobufakazi amasosha omzimba.

INkantolo Ephakeme Kakhulu WaseRussia ezimweni okunjalo yokuvuma icala abamangalelwa noma umsolwa akuyona inkomba futhi ayidingi ummeli. Ekusebenteni, izidumbu okuphenya phambi ukuqashelwa imizuzu okuhambisanayo lokho umuntu wachaza (ngesandla) izinhlinzeko zoMthetho wamaZinga Art. 51 soMthethosisekelo.

Ukulinganiselwa ubufakazi amasosha omzimba

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kukhona okungalunga isicelo kuleli lungiselelo. Isigaba 51 soMthethosisekelo WaseRussia is zilinganiselwe ngenxa yemingcele eziningana, eyayifunwa umthetho wamanje kanye umkhuba.

• Umsolwa (ummangalelwa, ofakazi) ubophekile ukuba nengxenye emisebenzini okuphenya ezidinga umsebenzi wayo (ngxabano, luhlolo, ukuhlonza).
• Ukuthola, kuhlanganise ophoqelelwe, by kubahlanganyeli inqubo amasampula egazi, umchamo, umoya, amasampula izwi ubufakazi esizayo. Isidingo sokuba lezi zenzo kuqinisekiswa iGceke Russian Federation yoMthethosisekelo.
• Okungenzeka imibuzo abanye abantu mayelana izimo ezingasiholela waziwa kubo ngabantu ukusizakala ubufakazi amasosha omzimba zokusebenza alandelayo ukwaziswa base ubufakazi.
• Umthetho Russian Federation (Art. 1.5 Administrative Ikhodi WaseRussia) okuhlukile isungulwe nalowo oyobhekwa. Ubuso kwezinye izimo, umthwalo nihlola ukuthi akanacala. Ngo-European Union lo mthetho usebenza abanikazi izimoto, edinga ukufakazela umsulwa ukwephulwa imithetho yomgwaqo.

Ilungelo senqabe usizo

Isigaba 51 soMthethosisekelo WaseRussia, amazwana asetshenziswa komthetho, kusho nezinye izenzo, ngaphezu ukwehluleka lokufunda. Ikakhulukazi, nokuqukethwe kwalo hlangana ilungelo ukuze ube nengxenye inqubo bemangalelwa ngamacala obugebengu. Kuhlanganisa:

• Ukwehluleka bathole ncazelo lapho noma ulwazi.
• Ukunika umuntu angazibheki njengobaluleke (kunxusa icala). Uma umsolwa enqabe khona ukuqaphela ubugebengu ngesikhathi kokuphenywa kuqala, akekho umuntu unelungelo lokufuna ukuba kusetshenziswe lokhu esikhathini esizayo.
• Non-Ukukhishwa izinto, imibhalo noma eziyigugu ukuze kuphenywe.

umthwalo ubufakazi

Esikhathini kohlaka lobugebengu ekuqhutshweni ofakazi njalo waxwayisa ngemiphumela enikeza ubufakazi, kanye umthwalo amanga ukwethulwa uphenyo noma isivivinyo edukisayo.

Amanga kuyicala wokulwa ubulungiswa wayaziwa eRoma sidilizwa. Law Modern we Russian Federation kusho ke umyalezo we ukwaziswa okungamanga ngoFakazi ngamaqiniso nezimo ukuthi zaziwa obanikezwa (uchwepheshe, onguchwepheshe) futhi kungathinta imiphumela yophenyo noma isinqumo senkantolo. Isibopho lanikeza lento. 307 we Criminal Code.

Prakthiza uphenyo Criminal ebonisa ukuthi uhlala nabo kakhulu perjuring (ezisetshenziswa umphakathi owakwakhe), abangane, omakhelwane nezihlobo bavuma izisulu nomsolwa. Isizathu ngezenzo zabo, ngoba ingxenye enkulu uzwela izigebengu noma nemindeni yabo, ukungabethembi amaphoyisa, kodwa ngokuvamile azame "sokulungisa izindaba."

Njengengxenye icala ngaphansi Art. 307 we Criminal Code kunezimo eziningana kungenzeka:

1. i iphutha ngokwethembeka, ufakazi ngephutha ubona yokuthi kuthinta imiphumela yophenyo.

2. Ukusetshenziswa amanga njengendlela yokuthola ukuvikelwa izinsolo. Isimo ovamile uwukuthi lapho ofakazi senqabe ulwazi idatha noma ngisho ubufakazi babo siqu, ukuze sigweme ubekwe icala lobugebengu. Kodwa nalapha futhi, lokho singasebenza Isigaba 51 soMthethosisekelo. Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa, exempting:

• Ufakazi uthi akabe lezi zidakamizwa ummangalelwa, ngoba kulesi simo empeleni elokubulala ubugebengu ngaphansi Art. 228, Criminal Code. Akukona ukubandakanya ngamabomu amanga umthwalo, njengoba kuvikela ngokwakhe nokunyundela.
• Ufakazi kubika yolwazi olungalungile ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi ngenye wayeyoba umsolwa kuleli cala.

Uma umuntu elala ngokukhululekile ngokuzama ukuba singabonisi ukuvuma icala lobugebengu, kungumsebenzi yobuciko. 307 we Criminal Code akezi kuye ngenxa RF uMthethosisekelo (Isigaba 51) zivikela self-incrimination. Kodwa isimo ehluke ngokuphelele uma perjuring ngenxa umphakathi obabheka ngayo. Abantu ngokuvamile zama avele ezisekelwe kunembeza ngaphezulu, ezigcina umthetho futhi ecabangela kunalokho eliyikho ngempela kuyinto.

3. ekubalahleni ngamabomu amanga (umbiko ubugebengu) avame ukusetshenziswa ukululaza izinsolo. Lubhekele ubugebengu kuhlinzekelwe Article. 306 we Criminal Code.

Ikhwalithi ubulungisa yi kuncike ukuqaliswa zomphakathi komsebenzi kubantu. Nokho, isixwayiso mayelana kokujeziswa namanje ziqondakala abaningi njengoba okokugcina icala nje. Ngakho-ke, izinga ubugebengu ngaphansi Art. 306-307 we Criminal Code sisalokhu siphakeme.

Ezinye izinhlobo ubufakazi amasosha omzimba

RF uMthethosisekelo (Isigaba 51 eNgxenyeni. 2) sihlinzekela angayi efakaza, kuye ngokuthi isimo ubufakazi futhi abavunyelwa izimo ukuba aqambe ukuchaza. Lolu hlu lufaka:

• Ijaji noma amajaji - amaqiniso makwaziwe yibo nabo kohlaka kokucubungula icala lobugebengu.
• Abameli kanye ayesekela - ulwazi liye laziwa kubo ngokuhamba nokunikeza izinsizakalo zomthetho. Kusemthethweni izinqubo ebugebengu kanye.
• Abefundisi (ubuKristu, ubuBuddha, Islam) angeke sidalule imininingwane etholakele amakholwa ku confessional. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abameleli amahlelo nezivumokholo hhayi zingasebenzisa lokhu uhlobo amasosha omzimba.
• Zamaphini zemizimba omele kohulumeni yombuso kanye lesifunda Unelungelo senqabe afakaze izimo eziye makwaziwe kubo ngesikhathi ekusebenziseni igunya.
• Osomaqhinga (zonke endowed nale isimo, kuhlangene nabasebenzi lobuchwepheshe) - kuzo zonke izimo futhi amaqiniso. Kodwa isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela iyeke nethonya uma kusuka wamanye amazwe isivumelene ngemibuzo.

Lolu hlu akuvumelekile izikhala ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, akudingeki amasosha omzimba umsizi abameli, abahumushi kanye nabamele izakhamizi, abangekho izihlobo zabo. Bonke kungenziwa sahlonywa imibuzo ngaphandle igunya lokunqaba.

RF uMthethosisekelo, Isigaba 51 - umthetho obaluleke kakhulu umthetho kazwelonke kanye nezwe oye wahlupheka ngesikhathi repressions mass. Kuyinto yisiboniso ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo esintu kanye civil esikhathini yokuxhumana nabomthetho futhi iziphathimandla zokwahlulela.