Umlando weSonto Lobu-Orthodox. Ukwethulwa sabefundisi eRussia

Esinye sezenzakalo eziphawulekayo kakhulu emlandweni weSonto Lobu-Orthodox kwaba ukwethulwa kwayo esigungwini sabefundisi abakhulu eRussia. Ukukhula yisonto Russian emhlabeni lobuKristu liye zimakwe kakhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu XVI. Inhlabathi wadala Ferrara-Florence union, okuyinto kwaphela isonto xv ekhulwini WaseByzantium ne-Vatican, ngemva kwalokho Russian wedolobha phathelana ngokuzimela ukhetha hierarch yayo yokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1453, i-Sabefundisi waseConstantinople ubekade kwencika okuphelele phezu sultans Turkish. Kulesi kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ubone omkhulu ngokongamela kaNkulunkulu: Russia waba kuphela ezimele isimo Orthodox.

Umlando ukwethulwa kwayo esigungwini sabefundisi abakhulu eRussia

Umqondo ukuvela YaseMoscow Sabefundisi is kuxhumene kakhulu ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nge ukusungulwa the autocephaly we Russian Church. Ngemva archdiocese eMoscow, wamukela isimo ezimele kusukela amaGreki, umhlaba wonke Orthodox ukubaluleka enesimo ROC njengoba enamandla kakhulu futhi eziningi.

Kwathi nje kuphela sithole ubufakazi izindinganiso ezingokomoya Russia, kodwa futhi ekuqiniseni ukholo ukulingwa esizayo ezikhathini ezinzima we Nezinkinga. isonto Russian kuzodala omunye umoya onamandla namandla kwabantu, okuyinto kuyofika ekulweni abahlaseli abese ubudlova lamaKatolika.

Bonke abantu baqonda ukuthi ngesikhathi esifushane okuyothiwa esihlalweni sobunzalamizi eMoscow. Kule ndaba kwakukhona kwaphinde kwaba nokungezwani kwezigodi ne Sabefundisi omkhulu waseConstantinople, okuyinto ngakho ekucasulayo Russia ngenxa kwathatha isimo autocephalous futhi engafuni alivume.

Nokho, ngaphandle kwemvume yezinzalamizi Eastern Metropolitan self wamemezela inzalamizi Russian kungaba kuyindaba yokukhathalelwa akwamukeleki futhi ezephula umthetho. Enhloko-dolobha, inkosi ke kulula bagunyaze amandla, kodwa ukusungulwa umbhishobhi omkhulu, ngaphandle isinqumo esihle neminyango primatial kwaba ngiyaphupha.

izimo zazinjani emlandweni kuphela ngisho nomthelela namandla phezu nokuphathwa kwayo esigungwini sabefundisi abakhulu eRussia phakathi nokubusa Fedor Ivanovich (indodana Ioanna Groznogo). Fedor wabusa (zonke esikhathini esiningi ayihlala umthandazo, akhuliswa ngayo Christian akafunanga bakwemukele nezimo ezinzima zokuphila zezombusazwe, ngenxa yalokho, igama lakhe kwathiwa abagcotshwa), kanye Boris Godunov (umfowabo ngomfazi inkosi Fedor Irina Godunov) wayebusa.

Boris Godunov

Kakhulu indoda wokuvelela kwaba Boris Godunov. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba isikhulu sikahulumeni omkhulu, owadala uhlelo ukuguqula isimo Russian, okuyinto obekungathuthukisa amandla ako nokuqashelwa. Ngeshwa, lokhu ibhizinisi Godunov nesisekelo siqinile ngokomoya, futhi ngokuvamile imiyalo yakhe babulawa esebenzisa engamukeleki ngokokuziphatha (nakho konke wabekwa icala lokubulala Tsarevich Dmitry, nakuba bungekho ubufakazi ngqo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu Russian mpofu kakhulu ngomqondo ezingokomoya nezokuziphatha ngemva oprichnina, futhi ngenxa yalokho, yayiyindlela kude bonke izinhlelo ezinkulu ababusi balo.

Noma kunjalo Godunov wayefuna ukubona Russia njengoba amandla enkulu futhi wakwazi loludaba zokuvunywa sabefundisi kuze kube sekupheleni.

ekuqaleni

Isigaba sokuqala sokuqeqeshwa saqala ukuvakashelwa eMoscow 1586, Umbhishobhi omkhulu Antiyokiya Joakim. Lokhu ngenkuthalo wayebakhathalela "Godunov" osomaqhinga. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba lokho wahambela ngaphandle Western Russia futhi wabona ukuhlaselwa Catholic Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, okuyinto cishe zonakale ukuphila Church of the Kyïv Metropolis (ngosuku olwandulela i-Union of Brest). I Regal eMoscow, wabona ubukhulu bangempela futhi inkazimulo Okwesithathu eRoma. Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto Joachim wahlangana udumo olukhulu, usewuphendulile abezile isipho, njengoba uMnyango wakhe kwadingeka nesikweletu namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili igolide. Godunov bakusebenzisa lokhu isikhashana futhi waqala nokuqalisa uhlelo lwakhe lokufundisa abantu - ukwethulwa kwayo esigungwini sabefundisi abakhulu eRussia.

Moscow Metropolitan noDiyonisiyu

Lapho befika kule ndawo ye Joakim enganikanga atiwe eMoscow Metropolitan noDiyonisiyu. Cishe wayesemathuneni cahoots ne Godunov futhi udlale simo. Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto ethunyelwe kweNyuka Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Kube phambi kwakhe kubo bonke ubuhle balo izembatho zikanokusho uvele yokukhulekela Metropolitan noDiyonisiyu, owayeyizibulo isibusiso lokuqala Umbhishobhi omkhulu e-Antiyokiya, kodwa ngokushesha bekhubeka. Isipho ofuna saboniswa ngobani hlobo lwezinkawu yangempela yeSonto enkulu.

Lapha uzoqala play Godunov oqala ukuqhuba izingxoxo ngasese uMuzi isihloko okuyinto - ukwethulwa kwayo esigungwini sabefundisi abakhulu eRussia. Usuku lokukhumbula lesi senzakalo esikhulu kakade close kakhulu. Joachim yayingazimisele wale ngxoxo, kodwa wathembisa ukuthi babonisane izinzalamizi Eastern. Moscow kulesigaba sesanelisiwe.

ukulwa

Igama lokugcina owawuqondene waseConstantinople (Istanbul). Kube athuthukile nezenzakalo ezivusa amadlingozi. Salandelana buyachitha zezinzalamizi, amathempeli abangu beguduza ngu abaseTurkey, zonke izimali embezzled. Cash and izincwadi zenkosi eMoscow endaweni ethile elahlekile.

Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto Konstantinopolskiy Ieremiya baqala ukubuyisela Umbhishobhi omusha, kodwa imali ke akwenza. Futhi nganquma ukwenza lokho uMuzi baya eMoscow ngesandla eseluliweyo. Nokho, wayengazi ukuthi mayelana izinkulumo ngaphambili ngokudalwa kwayo esigungwini sabefundisi abakhulu eMoscow. Futhi konke kwaqala futhi: nesimo esifanayo kukhala, kanye esasisandulele. UJeremiya wayesiqaphela cishe ngonyaka eboshelwe endlini endaweni ngokunethezeka esikhathini itshe elimhlophe.

inzalamizi uJobe

Ngokuvamile, lo mhlangano kwaba kwesibhamu ngoba ibandla Russian. Usizi Sabefundisi waseConstantinople kudlalwa ngendlela eyakhayo ukuze ukwethulwa Sabefundisi eRussia.

E-Moscow, ngalesi sikhathi, kanye e Istanbul, izinguquko ezithile. Godunov wagudluzwa Metropolitan noDiyonisiyu e 1587 ngokuqondene Uzungu boyar, izihlubuki yafuna isehlukaniso Tsar Fedor nomkakhe Irinoy Godunovoy ngenxa yokungabi nenzalo.

NoDiyonisiyu senzeka Rostov-Archbishop uJobe, ngenxa Januwari 23 (February 2), 1589 , iyoba ngowokuqala Bishop of All Russia. Ngisho esikhathini sethu, ngo-1989, negama lakhe liyakuthiwa abagcotshwa.

Ngo 1721 Peter mina waqeda sabefundisi: lizovuselelwa kuphela ngo-1917 ngesikhathi UMkhandlu weNdawo futhi inzalamizi abakhethiweyo St. uTikhon. Khona-ke kuyoba nzima Russian Church kwamaBolshevik isikhathi. Ngemva kokufa uTikhon kanye lombhishobhi awuzange kwenziwe. Kuphela ngo-1943 sekungenzeka, kanye Primate ka Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia baba uSergiyu (Starogorodskiy). Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto Kirill baba inzalamizi 16 ilandelana Russia.

Ngakho, isingeniso esemthethweni kwayo esigungwini sabefundisi abakhulu e-Russia (ngonyaka 1589) wawuba ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16.