Rocks Clastic. Incazelo kanye ngezigaba yamadwala

Esikhathini yembathani umhlaba cishe etafuleni wonke gqwa. izakhi zamakhemikhali yakha phakathi kwabo elibona nxazonke lapho namaminerali zemvelo. Isithombe esisodwa noma ngaphezulu namaminerali angase zifakwe kwamadwala emhlabeni. Le ndatshana izozama ukubhekana ezihlukahlukene zabo, ukubaluleka izakhiwo.

Uyini idwala

Ngokokuqala ngqá leli gama liye isicelo sethu Russian usosayensi Severgin ngo-1978. Incazelo okungatholakala esinikeziwe: rocks - lokhu uxhumano zibe munye amaminerali eziningana zemvelo akheke unomphela kanye nokusungulwa. Rocks ingatholakala yonke indawo, njengoba nje kuvamile namanje iyingxenye ebalulekile ungqimba lomhlaba.

Uma ufunda incazelo emadwaleni, basebephosela, konke kuyizimpawu zokuthi ezahlukene:

• Ubuningi.
• Porosity.
• Umbala.
• Amandla.
• Ukumelana Abanamandla frost.
• izimfanelo okuhlobisa.

Kuye inhlanganisela izimfanelo bajwayele.

Izinhlobonhlobo rocks

At inhliziyo idwala amayunithi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene iyona chemical nokumbiwa kwengoma. Igama idwala unikezwa, kuye ngokuthi avelaphi. Cabanga ngalokho abazaba iqembu. ngezigaba Common angabukeka ngaleyo ndlela.

1. rocks sedimentary:

• rocks clastic;
• organogenous;
• chemogenic;
• okuxubile.

2. Magmatic:

• wentaba-mlilo;
• plutonic;
• hypabyssal.

3. Metamorphic:

• isochemical;
• metasomatic;
• ultrametamorphic.

Ngokulandelako, cabangela a kwebalingisi eningiliziwe ngala zilwane.

rocks sedimentary

Noma yimuphi amatshe, ukuvela kokuthi izinto izici ezihlukahlukene futhi izinqubo zangaphandle kungenziwa zikhubazekile ukushintsha ukwakheka kwalo. Baqala sokudiliza, lowo doti ukusabalala, kungenziwa imali phansi ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle. Ngenxa yalokho - kumiswa rocks sedimentary.

Faka kusigaba rocks Lokudabuka sedimentary kunzima, njengoba iningi labo kwamiswa ngaphansi kwethonya izinqubo eziningi, ngakho-ke, ukuba nga is attribute them iqembu oluthile cishe ayinakwenzeka. Okwamanje, lolu hlobo idwala uhlukaniswe:

• rocks Clastic. Izibonelo kungabangela ezahlukene: amatshe ajwayelekile noma itshe ochotshoziwe, isihlabathi nobumba, nabanye abaningi.
• Organogenous.
• Chemogenic.

Ake sixoxe ifomu zohlobo ngalunye.

rocks Clastic

Babonakala ngenxa ukwakheka doti. Uma thina uhlukanise kubo ngokuvumelana isakhiwo sabo, ukukhululwa:

• rock waqinisa.
• Unconsolidated.

Uhlobo lokuqala sihlanganisa ingxenye yokuxhuma, okungase kube emelelwa carbonates futhi Clays. Ngakho yesibili uhlobo ayinayo lezi izinto has a isakhiwo okuxekethile.

Ungase futhi ucacise ukuthi amadwala clastic ngokuvamile zihlanganisa iminonjana kanye izinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane. Lezi zihlanganisa amagobolondo of mollusk walondoloza izinsalela stem, isinambuzane amaphiko.

eyaziwa kakhulu amatshe clastic. Izibonelo uqinisekise lesi. Ngu detrital kukhona isihlabathi kakhulu nobumba, itshe ochotshoziwe futhi amatshe, kanye nabanye abaningi. Bonke kabanzi embonini yezokwakha.

ezindimeni idwala

Leli qembu umkhiqizo zamakhemikhali. Isibaluli kuye kungenzeka nosawoti, ezifana potassium kanye bauxite. Inqubo ukwakha lolu hlobo zohlobo ungaqhubeka ngezindlela ezimbili:

1. okuhlushwa Kancane Kancane yesixazululo inqubo. It is hhayi ngaphandle lapha umphumela imisebe eyingozi evela elangeni.
2. Kwenezele nosawoti ngaphezulu ezingeni lokushisa encishisiwe.

Isakhiwo zinhlobo anjalo kuzoncika lapho zenzeka. Labo ukuthi akhiwa phezu kobuso bomhlaba, babe ukuma kwesigubhu, kanye nokujula isivele ihluke kakhulu.

Kakhulu futhi kusetshenziswa kakhulu kuleli qembu yamadwala, izibonelo kuphela ukuqinisekisa lokhu. Ukuze imibhede yamadwala yilezi:

• Mineral nosawoti.
• Bauxite.
• Limestones.
• Dolomite, Magnesite, nabanye abaningi.

Ngo nature rocks wandile kwetinhlavu wakhe ubuhanjelwe izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Igama rocks eziye zenzeka ngendlela - elixutshwe. Ngokwesibonelo, Sands inganqotshwa nge admixture ngobumba.

rocks Organogenic sedimentary

Uma amatshe clastic ngezinye izikhathi kufakwe ngezithako zawo uhlala eziphilayo ke leli qembu eyodwa nje kuzo futhi. Kuhlanganisa:

• Amafutha kanye oluthambile.
• Incwadi uma ikhuluma ngebitume.
• rocks phosphate.
• compounds carbonate, ezifana wokulinganisa, nakulokhu okulotshiwe ebhodini.
• Limestones.

Uma sikhuluma Ukwakheka, olwenziwe nge-limestone ne wokulinganisa cishe ngokuphelele yakhiwa izinsalela amagobolondo of mollusk lasendulo, foraminifera, amakhorali, njengoba equkethe ulwelwe. Njengoba sazi ukuthi ukunikeza avuke rocks organogenic kukhona eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene, zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana:

• Bioherm. Ngakho ngokuthi inqwaba yezinto eziphilayo.
• Thanatocoenoses futhi tafrotsenozy kukhona izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo babephila kudala lezi zindawo noma zalethwa amanzi.
• kwamiswa rocks Planktonogenic kusuka eziphilayo ezihlala emanzini.

usayizi wokusanhlamvu inzika

Lesi sici ingenye izici sedimentary rock nesakhiwo. Uma ubheka i-emadwaleni, basebephosela zingahlukaniswa zibe eyohlobo futhi inclusions. Ngo samuntu lokuqala, lonke idwala waqonda njengoba mass homogeneous, kanye amafraktjhini yesibili ngabanye kungase kubhekwe njengokuvamile nomumo okusanhlamvu kwabo isilinganiso.

Uma sicabangela ubukhulu kwamafrakshini, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amaningana:

1. Grain kumakwe kahle.
2. Skrytozernistye zibukeke sengathi u-akusenjalo.
3. Eqenjini lwesithathu, kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuba sicabangele imbudumbudu ngaphandle nemishini ekhethekile.

ifomu inclusions kungaba yezimfuneko zokuhlola ngawo ukwabelana la madwala. Izinhlobo eziningana elikhethiwe izakhiwo:

• Gipodiomorfny. Kulesi isenzo uhlobo nembewu zinhlayiya yesixazululo okuholela.
• uhlobo Gipidioblastovy iphathelene isakhiwo Lesisemkhatsini, lapho kukhona uhlelo lokuhlelwa kabusha izinto edwaleni eqina kakade.
• Granoblastic noma ishidi has zinhlayiya ijamo okungajwayelekile.
• uhlobo Mehanokonforny ezakhiwe isenzo mechanical of the Umfutho okusanhlamvu izingqimba, okuyinto zitholakala ngenhla.
• Nekonformnozernisty inesimiso main ngesimo ezihlukile okusanhlamvu, okuholela voids futhi porosity.

Ngaphezu kwalokho izinhlaka ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana ngisho kanye ukuthungwa. Lesi sigaba kusekelwe Bokuhlela ka:

• Ukushiyana kwezidalwa. Ukwakheka kwabo Kwenziwa ekujuleni okukhulu ngaphansi kwamanzi.
• Prosloevaya kwenzeka kwezinye izingqimba yamanzi, lolu hlobo akunakubangelwa ubumba smear, izingqimba zenhlabathi ngobumba.
• Pereslaivatelnaya kwenzeka uma ukujiya ezinkulu, kungenzeka ukuba agcine ushintsho imibala izingqimba. Njengoba isibonelo, interlace ubumba nesihlabathi.

Kungaba nomphumela ngeengaba abaningi, kodwa lokhu, mhlawumbe, ayeke.

Abamele rocks sedimentary

Sesiyazi uhlolé emadwaleni sedimentary clastic, izibonelo zazo futhi kuholele, futhi manje ahlale ngakolunye, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi esakazwa ngokwemvelo.

1. Oluthile lokudla. Mela amatshe sedimentary ngesimo uhlalwane. It sakhiwa imvuthuluka yamadwala namaminerali letingemasayizi lahlukene.
2. rocks Sandy. Lezi zihlanganisa yesihlabathi sandstone.
3. rocks Silty kuthi akufane nokwenzeka sandstones, kuphela isakhiwo kwakhona namaminerali uzinze ngesimo asebenza ngebhethri, muscovite.
4. Siltstone elinesimo maholoholo phezu ukwa futhi umbala incike impahla cementitious.
5. Loam.
6. Clay amatshe.
7. Mudstones.
8. Marl ziyingxube carbonates futhi Clays.
9. Limestones, okuyinto akhiwa calcite.
10. Mel.
11. Dolomites zifane limestone, calcite, kodwa kunalokho ziqukethe dolomite.

Zonke lezi rocks kabanzi ukwakhiwa kanye nezinye imikhakha yezomnotho.

rocks metamorphic

Uma sikhumbula ukuthi le yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo, kuyothiwa wayeqonda ukuthi amadwala metamorphic zibangelwa ukuguqulwa amaminerali namadwala ngaphansi isenzo lokushisa, ukukhanya, ingcindezi, kanye namanzi. Esaziwa kakhulu kuleli qembu: zemabula, quartzite, gneiss, schist, nabanye.

Kusukela baye bathi sebeshintshe ngokuphelele kungase kube kuncike izinhlobo ezahlukene amatshe, kanye ngezigaba sincike kuyo:

1. METABASIC - lokhu zohlobo, okuyinto umphumela ukuguqulwa yamadwala igneous futhi sedimentary.
2. Metapelites zibangelwa ukuguquka acid sedimentary amatshe.
3. rocks carbonate, ezifana zemabula.

Ifomu edwaleni metamorphic lugcinwa esibonelweni langaphambilini, uma edwaleni engaphezulu izingqimba, futhi iqembu elisanda kusungulwa uyoba nesimo esifanayo. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, yebo, kuncike idwala yokuqala, kodwa ngaphansi kwethonya ukusabela zingahluka. Ukwakheka amaminerali zingase zihluke, futhi kungafaka kokubili amaminerali ingenye noma eziningana.

rocks Igneous

Leli qembu yamadwala cishe 60% uqweqwe yonke emhlabeni. Bona bavele ukuncibilika amatshe noma isiphuku ezansi koqweqwe. Magma - impahla oncibilikisiwe kancane noma ngokugcwele ahlanganiswe amagesi ahlukahlukene. Inqubo kumiswa njalo elihlobene ne lokushisa eliphezulu emaqaqasini umhlaba. izinqubo Geological ezenzeka ngaphakathi Earth, njalo avuse magma antante phezulu. Ngo inqubo ukukhuliswa senzeka Ukupholisa ngomoya kanye crystallization namaminerali. Ngakho inqubo for kumiswa rocks igneous.

Kuye ukujula lapho ukuqina, zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana amatshe, izinhlobo thebula zingahle libukeke kanje:

plutonic	wentaba-mlilo	hypabyssal
Lezi amadwala akhiwa Ezansi koqweqwe.	Kwakheka ngesikhathi kuqhuma magma kwamanzi.	Breed kwenzeka uma magma igcwalisa imifantu emadwaleni ekhona.

rocks Igneous zihluke nemfucuza ungafunga uthi akukho izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo abafileyo ababekukho. Granite idwala kumiswa ingenye ezivelele kunazo phakathi leli qembu. Siqukethe: feldspar, asebenza ngebhethri futhi mica.

Lapho i kuqhuma, magma kokushiya ebusweni bomhlaba, kancane kancane epholisa futhi yakha uhlobo rock mlilo. Awaqukathi zinhlayiya bungangobubanzi iconsi lokushisa senzeka ngempela ngokushesha. Omele yamadwala abanjalo bangabaphostoli basalt negwadle. Avame ukusetshenziswa endulo womshini izikhumbuzo kanye ukubaza.

rocks Volcanic clastic

Ngo inqubo mlilo kwakhiwa hhayi kuphela idwala egwadle, kodwa futhi nabanye abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho effusion lava emkhathini isuka inani elikhulu imvuthu eziseleyo, kanye amahlule eqina lava awela ngaphansi komhlaba futhi ifomu tephra. Lokhu kwaziswa pyroclastic kancane kancane lincishiswa, wabhubhisa ingxenye amanzi awo, futhi nguye ohlangene futhi iba idwala eqinile - tuffs mlilo.

Ngezinye kuphulwa idwala izingcezwana kungabonwa, izikhala phakathi zazo zigcwele umlotha ngezinye izikhathi ubumba noma siliceous sedimentary izinto.

Weathering yamadwala

Zonke amatshe, ngokuba nemvelo, zithonywa izici eziningi eziletha ukuguguleka noma ekubhujisweni. Kuye ithonya wayenethonya kukhona izinhlobo eziningana kule nqubo:

1. weathering Physical yamadwala. Kwenzeka ngenxa yezinguquko lokushisa, okuholela idwala ekuqhumeni, kulezi imifantu ikhumbule amanzi zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela ice ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi. Ngakho kancane kancane ukubhujiswa edwaleni kwenzeka.
2. weathering Chemical Kwenziwa amanzi lapho ingena idwala imifantu futhi leaches, ancibilikisa ke. imiphumela ezinjalo amenable kakhulu zemabula limestone, usawoti.
3. weathering eziphilayo Kwenziwa iqhaza eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, otshala ngezimpande zazo ababhubhisa edwaleni, ulele, sahlala nabo, secrete ezinye acid, futhi kuyingozi.

Gwema weathering yamadwala cishe kungenakwenzeka.

okusho rocks

Akunakwenzeka ukuba zibone ngeso lengqondo umnotho ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amatshe. Ukuzivocavoca ukusetshenziswa okunjalo waqala endulo, lapho abantu bafunda indlela ukusingatha amatshe. Ngokuyinhloko lisetshenziswe embonini yezokwakha amatshe. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi okulandelayo:

• Marble.
• Lime.
• Mel.
• Granite.
• Quartzite nabanye.

Ukusebenzisa kwabo ekwakheni kusekelwe amandla nezinye izimfanelo ezibalulekile.

Ezinye izinhlobo obusetshenziswa embonini Metallurgical, ezifana ubumba refractory limestone, dolomite. Imboni kumakhemikhali nolimi kusukela rock usawoti, Tripoli, umhlaba diatomaceous.

Ngisho umkhakha ukukhanya isebenzisa idwala izidingo zabo. Kwezolimo ngeke akwenze ngaphandle umanyolo, idwala phosphate, okuyizinto ebalulekile fertilizer.

Ngakho, sahlola amatshe. Futhi lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi okwamanje zingabantu abasizi ezithile futhi kudingekile umuntu cishe kuzo zonke umkhakha, ezisukela zokuphila kwansuku zonke ukuze ukwakhiwa. Yingakho umqondo nje onjalo akukho hhayi uvame esetshenziswa idwala, namaminerali ncamashi eveza ukubaluleka kwalezi amadamu zemvelo.