SNIP - kuyini? Isakhiwo amakhodi: uhlu kwemibhalo, izidingo eziyisisekelo

Phakathi ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, imigwaqo namabhuloho, abaklami abakhi siholwa iqoqo imithetho, abantu abamukelekayo ezingeni zomthetho, bebizwa SNP. Kuyini ukuthi emelela, iyini indima nenjongo yayo, kubalulekile ukwazi hhayi labo abenza ukwakhiwa kuphela, kodwa futhi bonke abanye abantu. Leli gama akuve kuvamile ukuba ezihlukahlukene izihloko, imibhalo ngisho ulolonge.

Ukuyiqonda injongo yangempela yokunikezwa ngisho Imibandela, ukuthi kusho ukuthini SNIP (okulotshiweyo: kwezinkambiso ukwakhiwa kanye nemithetho), ungenza inkhulumomphendvulwano ikhiqize kakhudlwana ne induna ukukhanda noma ukwakhiwa team, i-ejenti ingcebo.

isakhiwo Isihloko kanye idokhumenti

Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, evame kakhulu okukhulunywa SNIP isigaba Izakhiwo zokuhlala nendawo yomphakathi. Ngakho-ke ngokuthi idokhumenti kuhlanganisa nenombolo omkhulu umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama ahlukene, isici inqubo ukwakhiwa. izinto zakhe ezithinta cishe zonke izindawo futhi izigaba design and ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo:

• Fanekisa imithetho jikelele.
• Chaza amazinga design.
• Iqukethe imithetho yokwakha ukwamukela into esiphelele.
• Bala kwezinkambiso kulinganiselwa kanye nemithetho.

SNIP (okungukuthi, ukuthatha eduze bheka ngezansi) mayelana ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi Izakhiwo zokuhlala nendawo yomphakathi, amabhukhimakhi isisekelo yabo, ukwakhiwa izindonga (kanye izindiza of izitebhisi futhi amaseli), ubukhulu nendawo kwamafasitela neminyango, kanye nezinye izindaba eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigaba dokhumenti lichaza izimfuneko amanzi, amanethiwekhi kagesi, indle kanye bafudumale. into ngayinye olunezinombolo futhi isihloko.

Ukuthuthukisa imithetho, abadali uzamile njengoba ngokunembile futhi lamukele ngokuphelele zonke izidingo ukugwema ukungaqondi futhi ekuchazweni ka SNIP.

Lokho kuyinto: imiyalelo esiqinile noma nje izincomo isinyathelo?

isakhiwo ngasinye esisha, kungakhathaliseki ngenhloso, kufanele yakhiwe ngokuhambisana nezidingo SNIP. Lona igama elithi "kumele", kodwa futhi ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha hhayi kuphela.

Lezi zinombolo dokhumenti ezomhlaba, ebalwa inqubo izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukucutshungulwa esiningi izibalo indawo kahle izindonga nithela iye esephetha, ibanga phakathi amafasitela, izitebhisi usayizi, ukuphakama handrail nezinyathelo, ukwakheka kanye kwabantu ukhonkolo, kanye nezinye izici.

Njengoba isibonelo singacabangela engela ukuthambekela isitebhisi. I elula kunazo futhi iphephile kubhekwe ezitebhisini isakhiwo ukuthambekela kusukela degrees 30 kuya 50. Lezi zinyathelo ingasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela abantu abadala, amadoda asebenzayo futhi abesifazane, kodwa futhi izingane nasebekhulile.

Lapho abakhi abanamathela snip ephakanyiswe bevela ekwakheni ukuthula okuhlala okuthembekile, ephephile, ukhululekile futhi. Ezimweni lapho amakhodi wokwakha (SNIP) eshaywe, ngenxa yezinkinga ezilandelayo kungenzeka:

• Ukungabi wenduduzo nokusetshenziswa isakhiwo.
• Ukuwa futhi ukulimala siqu.
• Ukuncipha yendlu.
• Livela ukuqhekeka ezindongeni.
• Zokugwema ukuphuka Ukushisa kanye amapayipi (isakhiwo ukwephulwa geometry).
• Ingozi ekhulile yemiphumela umlilo.
• Ukuwa ophahleni izitebhisi, noma ophahleni.

Yiqiniso, lesi simo yokugcina - lokhu kuyisiqalo esibi kunazo zonke umbukwane, kodwa futhi kufanele babhekwe.

Evolution weMithethonqubo Isakhiwo

веке. Ukwakhiwa kwezindlu, imigwaqo namabhuloho bekulokhu umsebenzi kunzima futhi wemfanelo, ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi kwezinkambiso lokuqala nemigomo saphakama ezikude ngekhulu nanye. Yiqiniso, ziye kulekelelwa futhi ilungiswe phakathi namakhulu eminyaka angemva. Labo imithetho, okuyinto siyazi namhlanje, kuthiwa savela "Ikhodi ukwakhiwa zezimboni kwezinkambiso" (ekupheleni 20-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka).

Building Imithetho (SNIP) abangu aqala ngo-1955 futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye ukuhlelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iningi izinto ezihambisanayo nezisebenzisekayo kuze kube manje. abahleli kakhulu asebenzayo SNIP kwenziwa ngo-90s, kowezi-2000. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili, senziwa lenqwaba ukuhluzwa nokulungiswa hhayi kuphela embhalweni le dokhumenti, kodwa futhi amazinga kazwelonke.

SNIP: okulotshiweyo kwethemu izinhlobo imithetho

Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we sinetigaba ezinhlanu:

1. Owokuqala uqukethe imithetho ephathelene inhlangano, ukuphathwa kanye isici kwezomnotho ukwakhiwa. Lapha izidingo zezinto ezibaliwe ngenxa unjiniyela noma wezakhiwo yephrojekthi, ukucacisa ukuthi ubani okufanele siqaphele intuthuko emsebenzini.
2. Ingxenye yesibili iyona enkulu kunazo zonke, kukhanyise namazinga design. Kukhona sub-izigaba ezihlobene nokuphepha, ukhonkolo, metal kanye nezinye izakhiwo kanye uphahla, amanethiwekhi ubunjiniyela kanye nezinhlelo, ezokuthutha, imisele yamanzi, kanye nentuthuko yasemadolobheni.
3. Ingxenye yesithathu ichaza inqubo lenhlangano zokukhiqiza kanye ukwamukelwa.
4. Eyesine ubala amazinga akhona elilinganisiwe.
5. Isigaba sesihlanu siqukethe imininingwane ebalulekile evumela ukuthi wena ukubala inani izinto zokwakha into ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona amazinga zabasebenzi kanye namathuluzi okwakha.
   

Izici kokwakhiwa lezisekelo isisekelo

Lapho ukwakhiwa nalehleliwe ibhilidi noma isakhiwo ethela isisekelo lithole bagxila. Kulesi sikhathi Asikwazi ukushalazela isikhundla SNP. Izikhwama - ke isekela zonke izindlu, abakubonisayo umthwalo omkhulu, futhi uma lokhu ingxenye isakhiwo ukuba onesici, ikhwalithi lonke lo msebenzi uyokwenziwa ziyancipha.

Ukuze ukwakha isisekelo esiqinile, onjiniyela ikhumbule zonke izici Geological kwendawo kanye nakho kwalabo kakade eyenziwa ngempumelelo ngaphandle umsebenzi ofanayo. Ezimweni lapho udinga ukwakha indlu ngesizathu izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi Geological yephrojekthi abathintekayo Kutfutfukiswa kwemabhizinisi alabamnyama ezikhethekile.

Njengoba ukwakhiwa nalehleliwe isisekelo

Ngemva kokuyicabangela kahle zonke izimo ukucacisa imingcele elandelayo:

1. isisekelo hlobo. Kungaba yemvelo noma emishinini.
2. ukwakhiwa Typology.
3. I kwethebhu ukujula.

Umthwalo oseza isisekelo sendlu ibalwa ngokuhambisana nezidingo SNIP. Izikhwama kumele yakhelwe ikhumbula umthamo ukuzala, ukusonteka imiphumela yizici zemvelo.

Layisha umthamo ibalwa ku ezimweni lapho elindelekile imithwalo emikhulu ovundlile, kanye uma ikusasa isakhiwo ibekwe phezu nasemithambekeni noma ezindaweni ezinamadwala. Ezimweni lapho isisekelo cha qinisekisa ukuba abangenayo indawo yokuhlala, amandla ingakuthinta kanjani akubalwa.

Lapho project ihlanganisa kwakhiwa isisekelo ngokushesha ngemuva ethela, ukulawula umthwalo enqubeni.

Isisekelo namanzi angaphansi komhlaba

Ukuyitadisha ngokucophelela le ncwadi i-SNP (design elisekela lezisekelo) kuyabonakala ukuthi ukubaluleka kucatshangelwa hlobo inhlabathi futhi komhlaba ngokucacile. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba umhlahlo esingafanele negate wonke umsebenzi.

SNIP iqukethe izinto eziningana ngencazelo zezici kufanele kubhekwe ekwakhiweni isisekelo yemvelo:

• Umhlabathi akumele simisiwe. Ezindaweni nge izidingo lokushisa omubi omunye umhlabathi akufanele kube unfrozen.
• inhlabathi okuxekethile ohlangene.
• Uma le ndawo ezithandwa yizikhukhula, ziyabhekelelwa eside eyalandela.

Ukuze uthole ukuthi izici eziyinhloko zenhlabathi, qiniseka afeze izivivinyo. Uma lokhu kungenzeka ishintshe ngesikhathi izimo hydrogeological idatha test (ukuvelela komhlaba, ukuvela noma imithelela vadose yezinkathi ezithile zezulu). Lapho kwesisekelo esakhiwe, it is ngaphansi kovivinyo ukuqinisekiswa kwe-ukuqina kanye ukugqwala.

izidingo SNP uphinde ucacise ukujula lapho isisekelo wenziwe. Lokhu ipharamitha incike inhloso ubukhulu design.

Ukuhlobana kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezihambisana indle namanzi

Njengabo bonke abanye umsebenzi wokwakha, design amapayipi uhlelo kanye ukufakwa kufanele kwenziwe ngokuhambisana namazinga kanye nemigomo. Nokho, abakhi eziningi obukela phansi imithetho ekhona, yize bazi mayelana snip. Kuyini futhi lokho athuthukile, bazazi kahle, Nokho, ukucabangela izindinganiso ezinjalo eqolo ngokweqile, engenangqondo futhi okungalungile. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho kufika isikhathi ukulungisa noma indawo yayo yonke isici amanzi noma amapayipi endle egijima, abanikazi ekhaya ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simiso kungelula ukusebenzisa, futhi kungaba kubi ngisho izimo sanitary endaweni.

Ukuze ugweme lokhu, ikhasimende kumele acele amazinga kanye ukuqapha inqubo ukwakhiwa.

I kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle amapayipi inethiwekhi

ukuthengisela kanye nokulahlwa kwamanzi izinhlelo kubaluleke kakhulu kokubili emakhaya abo nasemaHholo emafulethini. Ukwabela zangaphakathi nezangaphandle amapayipi inethiwekhi:

1. Esokuqala ipayipi ekhelini okufanele ziqondise amaphayiphi avela emakhaya ukuze amadamu imithombo. amanethiwekhi okunjalo asethwe obliquely ukusuka amanzi amandla adonsela phansi. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa amaphampu. Futhi omunye, futhi ezimbili ongakhetha enganyelwe imithetho.
2. Esesibili - a abakhwabanisi, ilungu amapayipi zalapho futhi amapayipi wokwakha uhlelo. Umsebenzi we okukhipha uhlelo iba amanzi angcolile kusuka ekhaya abakhwabanisi zangaphandle.
   

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza acabangele lapho obandayo umsele kunjiniyela

Uma zonke izidingo SNIP, ukuphepha izakhiwo zizonikezwa. Futhi kwandisa induduzo lula zabo, okuyinto ebaluleke for ukusetshenziswa eside Izakhiwo zokuhlala nendawo yezimboni.

Ukwakhela futhi ebeka amanzi kanye amapayipi amapayipi, ngokuvamile acabangele izici ezilandelayo:

1. Isakhiwo, izakhiwo kanye nokwakheka enhlabathini.
2. Ukubekwa komhlaba.
3. Umthamo wamanzi okuzokwenza udabula amashubhu (feed bese sokuhoxisa).

Futhi acabangele remoteness esiteshini futha noma ukwelashwa izindawo ukwakhiwa esizayo.

Izinhlobo amapayipi kanye nezidingo

I amashubhu kungaba metallic, insimbi, asbestos usimende, ukhonkolo noma plastic, it is lokuvela esezingeni snip izigaba. Water supply kuncike imithwalo enzima, ngakho ipayipi kufanele abe namandla lonke. Ngaphandle, basuke bethonywe inhlabathi olumanzi, ukushintsha lokushisa nezinye izimo, futhi ukucindezela ngaphakathi has amanzi. Uma kuziwa amanzi, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele indlela yokwakheka amanzi: lapha esebenzayo yizici zamakhemikhali eziningi ezinkulu.

Lapho ekhetha amaphayiphi amanzi, master liyadingeka ukuze banake ilebula, ngakho njengoba amaphayiphi izinhlelo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zihluke kakhulu.

Lapho zonke izimfuneko namazinga zifeziwe, umnikazi ekhaya zingaba quiet ukuphepha umndeni wakhe, ngoba lesi sakhiwo uyokhonza ngokwethembeka amashumi amaningi eminyaka.