Chemistry: oxides, ngezigaba zabo nezindawo

Oxides, ngezigaba zabo nezindawo - kuyisisekelo lokhu isayensi ezibalulekile, efana ne-chemistry. Baqala ukufunda ngonyaka wokuqala yokufundisa kwamakhemikhali. Sciences kanzima ezifana izibalo, zemvelo noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, yonke impahla exhunywe nomunye, yingakho impahla undigested kufaka ngokungaqondi sokupheleliswa kwezinto. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba baqonde ngokuphelele futhi oxides kuwo ukuzulazula isihloko. Kuleli thina sikanye nawe namuhla futhi uzozama ukukhuluma kabanzi.

Yiziphi amagesi?

Oxides, ngezigaba kanye nezici zabo - yilokho okudingayo ukuze uqonde kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho, liyini oxides? Usakhumbula ke esikoleni?

Oxides (noma oxyls) - kukhona izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kanambambili kwakwakhe sakhiwa ama-athomu isici electronegative (ngaphansi electronegative kuka-oxygen) kanye oksijini isimo namachibi -2.

Oxides - kungcono izinto ngendlela emangalisayo ezivamile emhlabeni. Izibonelo compounds oxidic: amanzi, nokugqwala, abanye colorants, isihlabathi ngisho carbon dioxide.

Ukwakheka oxides

Oxides ingatholakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. oxide kumiswa futhi batadisha isayensi, efana ne-chemistry. Oxides, ngezigaba zabo nezindawo - yilokho ososayensi odinga ukukwazi ukuze uqonde ukuthi lokhu noma lokhuya kwamiswa oxide. Ngokwesibonelo, ingalungiswa ngu ukuxhumana athomu (noma ama-athomu) nomoya-mpilo ne-elementi chemical - nokuxhumana adi-. Nokho, kukhona kumiswa ongaqondile oxides, kuba uma oxides akhiwa yokubola acid, nosawoti noma izisekelo.

Ukwahlukaniswa oxides

Oxides kanye ngezigaba zabo incike indlela kwamiswa. Ngo ngezigaba zawo kuzo zonke oxides zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili, owokuqala okuyinto usawoti-ukwakha, kanye nesoleobrazuyuschie yesibili. Ngakho, thatha eduze bheka womabili la maqembu.

Salt-ukwakha oxides - sekuyinto neqembu elikhulu, okuyinto ihlukaniswe oxides amphoteric noma esidi eziyisisekelo. Ngenxa yalokho yanoma yimuphi ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali, usawoti ukwakha oxides yakha nosawoti. Njengoba umthetho, oxides usawoti-ukwakha zihlanganisa zensimbi izakhi nonmetal, okuyizinto ngenxa yokusabela chemical ngamanzi ukwakha acid, kodwa basabela lezisekelo esebumba acid elihambisana nosawoti.

oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie - oxides enjalo ukuthi ukusabela chemical akusho akha usawoti. Izibonelo oxides ingaba oxides nitrogen ne-carbon.

oxides amphoteric

Oxides, ngezigaba zabo nezindawo - kubaluleke kakhulu kwamakhemikhali imiqondo. Ukwakheka usawoti-ukwakha kuhlanganisa oxides amphoteric.

oxides Amphoteric - yilezo oxides okungaba izakhiwo eziyisisekelo noma ene-asidi, kuncike nemibandela zamakhemikhali (umbukiso amphoteric). Lezi oxides akhiwa inguqulelo izinsimbi (ithusi, isiliva, negolide, insimbi, ruthenium, tungsten Rutherford, titanium, yttrium, nabanye abaningi). oxides Amphoteric ukuxubana acid eqinile, ngenxa yokusabela chemical, akha usawoti yalezi acid.

oxide acid

oxides esidi noma anhydrides - lezi oxides e zamakhemikhali okuyinto abonise izakhiwo acid, futhi ifomu elingenawo umoya-equkethe acid. Anhydrides njalo kwakheka ejwayelekile ze-non-izinsimbi kanye ezinye izakhi inguquko kumakhemikhali.

Oxides, ngezigaba kanye amakhemikhali yabo izakhiwo - lawa imiqondo ebalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, oxides esidi nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali kuhlukile kunokunikeza amphoteric. Ngokwesibonelo, uma anhydride iyaphendula ngamanzi ukwakha elihambisana acid (kwasinda SiO2 - Silica). I anhydrides ukuxubana alkalis, futhi ngenxa ukusabela okunjalo ikhishwe amanzi soda. Ngo ukusabela usawoti kanye oxides eziyisisekelo kwakhiwa.

anhydride eyisisekelo

Key (elisho "Basekela") oxides - a oxide metal chemical izakhi namachibi zithi +1 noma +2. Lezi zihlanganisa ane-alikhali, ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi, kanye magnesium chemical isici. oxides eyisiqalo sihluke kwabanye ukuthi bayakwazi ukuxubana acid.

oxides Basic ukuxubana acid, ngokungafani kuya oxides esidi nangamalungu alikhali, amanzi, nezinye oxides. Ngenxa yalokho lezi ukusabela ngokuvamile akhiwa nosawoti.

izakhiwo oxides

Uma ulihlola ukusabela oxides ezahlukene, ungenza eziphethweni zayo ngokuphathelene nalokho nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali oxyls endowed. Jikelele impahla amakhemikhali zonke oxides amanga ngokuphelele enqubeni redox.

Noma kunjalo, bonke oxides zihlukile komunye nomunye. Ukwahlukanisa nezakhiwo oxides - abayikho izindikimba ezimbili ezihlobene.

oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie namakhemikhali yabo izakhiwo

oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie - kuyinto iqembu ezinjalo oxides, okungadingi ngibonise noma yikuphi ukulangazelela izakhiwo esidi noma eziyisisekelo noma amphoteric. Ngenxa zamakhemikhali kungekho nosawoti nesoleobrazuyuschimi oxides Kumiswa. Ngaphambilini, le oxides kungukuthi ngokuthi nesoleobrazuyuschimi qakala futhi indiffirentnymi, kodwa lezi amagama akuhambisani ezakhiweni nesoleobrazuyuschih oxides. Ngo izakhiwo zabo lezi oxyls ngempela uyakwazi zamakhemikhali. Kodwa i-nitrous nesolebrazuyuschih incane kakhulu, akhiwa monovalent futhi divalent okungezona izinto ezimbiwa phansi.

Kulaba oxides usawoti-ukwakha oxides nesoleobrazuyuschih ingalungiswa ngu ukusabela zamakhemikhali.

ngesilwane esifuywayo

Cishe bonke oxides abizwa ngokuthi kanje: igama elithi "i-nitrous", kulandele igama kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka genitive. Ngokwesibonelo, Al2O3 - kuyinto alumina. Kulesi chemical ulimi oxidizing ufundeka kanje: aluminium mayelana 2 3. Amanye ama-elementi, ezifana nethusi, kungase kube degrees eziningana oksileniya, ngokulandelana, oxides kakhulu zizohluka. Khona-ke Cuo oxide - kuyinto zethusi oxide (ezimbili), isb ngezinga oksileniya 2 futhi Cu2O oxide - kuyinto oxide yethusi (ezintathu), okuyinto has a degree oksileniya 3.

Kodwa kunezinye oxides lapha esabekwa-athomu oksijini kwakwakhe. Monoxide monoxide noma ushayele oxides ezinjalo, aqukethe umoya-mpilo-athomu eyodwa kuphela. Dioxides shayela oxyls ezinjalo, equkethe athomu amabili mpilo Isiqalo ibike "di". Trioxide shayela oxides ezinjalo, equkethe ama-athomu amathathu-mpilo. amagama ezifana monoxide, dioxide futhi trioxide, babé esiphelelwe isikhathi, kodwa bavame kutholakala ezincwadini, izincwadi kanye nezinye izinto ezifana.

Kukhona futhi okuthiwa eziwubala amagama oxides, okungukuthi, lezo baye basungula ngokomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, CO - is oxidized noma i-carbon monoxide, kodwa ngisho bamakhemikhali uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi into nge-carbon monoxide.

Ngakho i-nitrous - ekhuthaza umoya-mpilo ne-elementi zamakhemikhali. Isayensi eziyisisekelo ukuthi study kumiswa yabo kanye nokuxhumana, kuyinto kwamakhemikhali. Oxides, ngezigaba izici nesikhundla sabo - a izihloko ezibalulekile ezimbalwa isayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, engaboni ukuthi awukwazi ukuqonda noma yini enye. Oxides - kuba ukushisa, amaminerali nama-izimpushana. Ezinye oxides nibaluleke ukwazi ngokuningiliziwe ososayensi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi abantu abavamile, empeleni kungase kube ingozi ngisho ukuphila kulo mhlaba. Oxides - lesi sihloko ithakazelisa kakhulu futhi kulula kakhulu. Oxide compounds kuvamile kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.