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Eyokuqala elimhlophe-itshe ezibiyele eMoscow

Kungani eMoscow ubizwa ngokuthi itshe elimhlophe? Impendulo yalo mbuzo, njengoba isithakazelo zezivakashi, uyazi, mhlawumbe omunye izakhamuzi zalo, uthanda idolobha layo kanye uyaziqhenya yomlando lawo elihle ngempela. Qamba le dolobha wanika elimhlophe-itshe ezibiyele eMoscow ngo 1367 ukwakhiwa. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amaningi khona, kodwa yabuye yakhiwa kabusha izikhathi eziningi futhi liye laba uphawu komuzi, inhliziyo yayo futhi omunye ezikhangayo esemqoka kweqiniso.

Namuhla, i-Kremlin ingenye ensembles enhle kakhulu yokwakha izwe, nendawo ethize mayelana 27 kanye esingamahektare nengxenye. Sifunda okuningi ngomlando walesi sakhiwo grand.

Lesi sivumelwano sokuqala kwisayithi ye Kremlin. isizinda eMoscow

I wemizi yasendulo kuqala ku indawo ezibiyele sika kwaphakama isikhathi eside kakhulu. Njengoba kufakazelwa abavubukuli, eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ezedlule. Futhi kakade AD VI ekhulwini kwabonakala izizwe okokuqala Slavic.

Moscow kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala e zemihla e 1147. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho Yuri Dolgoruky abamenyiwe umzala wakhe iSikhulu Novgorod-Seversky Svyatoslav emhlanganweni edolobheni elincane umngcele. Lo mcimbi wehlela emlandweni njengoba usuku isisekelo eMoscow.

Umlando ezibiyele lokuqala

indaba ezibiyele luqala ngemva kwesikhashana - yiminyaka emakhulu asithoba kamuva, lapho Dolgoruky enquma ukuqinisa umuzi izindonga eziphakeme. Kwakuyisikhathi kocingo zikaphayini lekushuca, kusekelwa umgodi omkhulu zobumba for nokwethenjelwa okukhulu. By endleleni, endaweni yokwakha awuzange ekhethwe ithuba. Iqiniso lokuthi le nqaba yayinohlelo lisegqumeni okusezingeni eliphezulu, sizungezwe UMfula iMoscow kanye Neglinnaya. Lesi sikhathi avunyelwe ukubona isitha nimnike emuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igquma wavula umbono olunothile kakhulu endaweni ezungezile. Ngokuthakazelisayo, endaweni yokuqala ezibiyele kwaba ezine amahektha, futhi manje insimu yalo liye lenyuka cishe eziyisishiyagalombili izikhathi!

Nokho, ethile enkulu yalesi inqaba kwakuwukuthi yayakhiwe ngokhuni, bese sikwazi kalula ashise ngesikhathi umlilo ngephutha noma wokhelwa othile. Ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho ezibiyele lavuselelwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIV, lapho imithetho eMoscow Ivan Kalita. Yena bedele okuningi imali, isikhathi nomzamo ekuqiniseni futhi bahle edolobheni. Ngenxa yalesi futhi yayala sokwakha izindonga ezintsha. .Le migoqo kunamanje zazakhiwe enamandla kakhulu futhi ngamandla oki imiphongolo. Entsha emhlophe-itshe ezibiyele eMoscow lakhiwa ngesikhathi Dmitry Donskoy ngisho nangemva kwamashumi eminyaka amaningana.

EMoscow phakathi nesikhathi Dmitriya Donskogo

Umbusi esilandelayo iMoscow yayingenye Prince Dmitry Donskoy. Wayengumuntu umzukulu Ivana Kality. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Dmitry Donskoy waphishekela inqubomgomo angaphandle asebenzayo, ukwandisa futhi eqinisa lelo indawo eMoscow. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwathiwa kwaphawula kuphangwa zobudlova Tatar-Mongol izindimbane. Konke lokhu kwakudinga, izivikelo entsha namandla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, lo ezibiyele ubudala Yakhiwa kwezinkuni. Ngakho-ke, nakuba wayenamandla ngokwanele ukumelana ehlasela isitha, yayisalokhu sengozini nomlilo. Futhi umlilo ezenzeka 1365, wabhubhisa wonke umuzi emhlabathini (endabeni wayethethelela okuthiwa Bonke Osanta, njengoba waqala i-Church of All Saints). Yena engawayekanga izindonga okhi le Kremlin. Khona-ke, ukuze ivikele lo muzi, Dmitry Donskoy imiyalo ukwakha elimhlophe-itshe ezibiyele eMoscow. Unyaka kokusebenza ukwakhiwa - 1367. Lokhu kushiwo emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke le nkathi.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-white-itshe ezibiyele

Ngakho, ukwakhiwa kwe-white-itshe ezibiyele eMoscow aqala. Ebusika ke waxosha izinto ukwakha inqaba. itshe White kuqoshwa ukwakhiwa esifundeni Moscow, amakhilomitha amathathu ukusuka edolobheni. Sekuyisikhathi eside ezwa esetshenziswa eRussia futhi kwaba esinye izinto ethandwa kakhulu. Itshe elimhlophe kwaba isikhathi eside futhi elihle, kodwa ukukhiqizwa yayo kwakunzima, futhi amakhosi kunjalo zazimbalwa. Ngakho-ke, it is hhayi asetshenziswa kabanzi.

White Stone ezibiyele e Moscow, laliwukuphela kwesakhiwo sokuqala salolu hlobo Suzdal. ukwakhiwa kwalo waqala lapho zonke izinto ebesezilungele, futhi entwasahlobo 1367. Ngaphansi ezindongeni inqaba entsha zaba nesisekelo esiqinile, okuyinto ngokujabula sisenjalo namanje namuhla.

ukwakhiwa kwalesi ezibiyele elimhlophe-itshe eMoscow (- 1368 ekupheleni) kwenziwa ngokushesha. Lokhu ekubalekeni yayifaneleka ngokuphelele. Ngempela, ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphela ukwakhiwa eMoscow wahlaselwa yibutho Lithuanian Grand Duke Algirdas. Wema izinsuku ezintathu ngaphansi kwezindonga ezibiyele, kodwa ukuthatha inqaba wehluleka. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, Algirdas futhi ahlasela umuzi, kodwa futhi akusizi ngalutho.

Ngo-1382 le nqaba zabulawa ngesihluku ehlaselwa Tokhtamysh, okuyinto kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu wakhe omkhulu, kodwa ngemva kokuba abuyiselwe ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, i-white-itshe ezibiyele isakhiwo, ngaphandle kokungabaza, kwaba ngesenzakalo esiphawulekayo esenzeka zomlando ezathonya ukuqhubeka edolobheni futhi lasungulwa njengoba isikhungo orthodox yokuhlala Grand Dukes.

Kwakungathi itshe elimhlophe ezibiyele?

Ngeshwa, akwenzekanga imiyalezo obubhalwe samanje indlela ukubheka kuqala elimhlophe-itshe ezibiyele eMoscow. Ijaji kwalowo kungaba ngenxa yemibiko kusukela zemihla ngemihla kanye nemidwebo A. M. Vasnetsova.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kwezindonga zamatshe nemibhoshongo ezakhiwa ngesikhathi ibanga elithileko kusuka zezakhiwo ezindala. Ngakho-ke, insimu ezibiyele sika yandile kakhulu. I ukushuba we izindonga abanye izilinganiso safinyelela ezimbili - amamitha amathathu. Indima imishini ukuzivikela ukwenza umsele ebanzi, lapho bridges igebe.

Izindonga efakiwe izintuba ababe avaliwe amabhodi eqinile lokhuni. kwemibhoshongo abayisithupha ezakhiwe pass-isango. Phezu koMfula Neglinnaya waphonswa kwebhuloho okokuqala itshe eMoscow. Ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu endaweni yayo sakha-zintathu, lapho namanje umi namuhla.

Ngemva kokuphothulwa elimhlophe-itshe ezibiyele waba inqaba enamandla kakhulu eYurophu. By endleleni, endaweni ngesikhathi cishe safinyelela namuhla.

Kanjani ukwakha ezibiyele entsha?

Eminyakeni engaba ngu-150 kumi elimhlophe-itshe ezibiyele eMoscow. Kaningi wayekade bevimbezela futhi ukumelana kuhlaselwa ngonya. Nokho inflicted zikhubazeke nokubhujiswa, nokho, njengoba imililo njalo. Izindonga inqaba ezindaweni eziningi, igugile ingasakwazi ukwenza indima yayo zokuzivikela.

Ngakho-ke, engxenyeni kwekhulu xv yesibili, phakathi nokubusa Ivan Okwesithathu, waqala kabusha emikhulu we Kremlin. Ngenxa yalesi owaziwa amakhosi Italian bamenywa ukuba eMoscow. I inqaba lavuselelwa kancane kancane, esizeni izindonga ubudala ezimhlophe ezakhiwa entsha, obomvu wokwakha izitini. Ngokuvamile, njengoba kuvuselelwa ezibiyele Kwabathatha iminyaka eyishumi. Futhi wakha amathempeli amasonto ababhishobhi. Ngakho kwamiswa ukubukeka yesimanje yezakhiwo Kremlin.

Ngemva kwalokho, yena waba kabusha kambalwa. Izinguquko sokuqala kwaqala ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Boris Godunov ke ngaphansi uPetru I. ekubhujisweni Omkhulu uye wabangela ezibiyele neMpi Patriotic ka 1812. Ngemva ayekwenzile olunzulu umsebenzi wokubuyisela. Ngaphansi kokubusa kweSoviet, le ezibiyele uye kabusha ngokuphindaphindiwe, umbhoshongo ukuthi lihlotshiswe izinkanyezi, futhi phezu ezinezikhoxe isifakiwe Tsar Cannon futhi Tsar Bell.

Moscow itshe elimhlophe

White Stone ezibiyele eMoscow zazimeleleni cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka. Wakhuthazelela kuhlasela ezingaphezu kweyodwa enobudlova futhi iJerusalema livinjezelwe isitha, enokwethenjelwa ukuvikela umuzi kusukela isitha. Kuyinto ngenxa yalesi inqaba eMoscow usezuze igama "itshe elimhlophe". By the way, kuba yakhe manje. Kodwa abaningi abazi ukuthi ezibiyele wahlala "itshe elimhlophe" Emakhulwini amane eminyaka ngemva yayakhiwe izindonga entsha ngezitini ezibomvu.

Leli qiniso engavamile has a incazelo elula. Izindonga zenqaba ngokukhethekile lishisa ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIX. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kwakubangelwa ukukhathazeka ukuphepha isitini, elinye - kwaba uhlobo intela kwabase-itshe lokuqala ezibiyele ngaphansi Dmitry Donskoy eyakhelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kusenzo ngendwangu ukuphupha P. P. Vereschagina, wadala ngo-1879.

ezibiyele namuhla

Kulezi zinsuku ku ezibiyele iyona yokuhlala umengameli. Ngo-1997, ukubuyiselwa emikhulu kwenziwa kuwo. Ngokuhamba inqwaba izakhiwo kanye nezinhlaka we ezibiyele kwabuyiselwa. Manje ngamaholide ezinkulu Orthodox kukhona amasevisi okuzothileyo, ensimini ka enqabeni neminyuziyamu guided izinkambo.

Futhi mhlawumbe namuhla akuyona yonke ukukhumbula ukuthi elimhlophe-itshe ezibiyele eMoscow lakhiwa ngesikhathi Dmitry Donskoy, kodwa izakhamuzi zabomdabu inhlokodolobha ukwazi umlando lomuzi wakubo bayazigqaja ke.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

  • The Ensemble yezakhiwo Red Square kanye ezibiyele ivuliwe uhlu Umhlaba Wezamafa by UNESCO.
  • Uma eminyaka ambalwa adlule, izindonga inqaba mhlophe, kodwa manje bangibonile ngezikhathi ingcoliswe ngopende obomvu.
  • I ezibiyele Uyinqaba yaseYurophu kunayo walondoloza namanje sisebenza.
  • Ngo-1941, izindonga zaveza amafasitela. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze kufihle nenqaba yabantwana ukwakhiwa yokuhlala.

White Stone ezibiyele eMoscow ukuze asindise ukuphila kwakhe esiye sabhekana nazo izinguquko eziningi, kodwa kwakusasele uphawu eMoscow yitshe eliyigugu of bokwakha edolobheni beqiniso.

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