Sociology - isayensi etadisha umphakathi, ukusebenza kwawo nokuthuthukiswa

Igama elithi "kwabantu" livela Latin "societas" (umphakathi) futhi igama lesiGreki "hoyos" (nokufundisa). Kule kusobala ukuthi kwabantu - isayensi etadisha umphakathi. Sikunikeza ukuba simazi nale ensimini ezithakazelisayo zokutadisha.

Kafushane ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu

Humanity kuzo zonke izigaba zonke emlandweni wayo, uzama ukwenza umqondo umphakathi. Ongqondongqondo Abaningi endala sasixoxa ngakho (u-Aristotle, uPlato). Nokho, igama elithi "kwabantu" lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso yesayensi laqanjwa kuphela 30s kwekhulu le-19. It laqanjwa Ogyust Kont, isazi sefilosofi French. Sociology njengenhlangano isayensi ezimele ngenkuthalo kwakhiwa eYurophu ekhulwini le-19. Iningi uye wakwenza sokugcwaliseka kwaso abathintekayo ososayensi, ebhala isiJalimane, isiFulentshi kanye nesiNgisi.

Umsunguli kwabantu futhi ngegalelo lakhe isayensi

Ogyust Kont - indoda, ngenxa obekukhona kuwo ukuvela kwabantu njengoba isayensi. Iminyaka yokuphila ke - 1798-1857. Kwakuwusuku okokuqala yakhuluma ngesidingo ukwaba ke ngendlela isiyalo ehlukile futhi ukuze ngisekele isidingo. Ngakho kwaba khona kwabantu. Kafushane echaza igalelo usosayensi, siphawula ukuthi liphinde ngowokuqala ichaze izindlela zayo kanye lodaba. Ogyust Kont kuyinto umsunguli ezinhle theory. Ngokwalo mbono, kubalulekile ukutadisha imihlola ezehlukene emphakathini ukusungula isizinda ubufakazi, elifana ukuthi ine ngesayensi yemvelo. Comté babekholelwa ukuthi kwabantu - isayensi etadisha umphakathi sithembele kuphela izindlela zesayensi, ngawo ungakwazi ukuthola ulwazi enokwehla. Lokhu, isibonelo, izindlela observation, ukuhlaziywa zomlando nokuqhathanisa amaqiniso sokuhlola, indlela yokusebenzisa izibalo kanye nezinye.

Ukuvela kwabantu odlale indima ebalulekile isifundo esiphathelene nomphakathi. Auguste Comté ezihlongozwayo izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda ukuqonda agumenti ayo eziphikisayo zokucabangela ngakho, lolo ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyelwa ahlinzekwa Metaphysics. Ngokwe isiqondiso zefilosofi, ngokoqobo kuzo nalezo aphila kuzo, ukuba ngamunye wethu uyajabula kuwukuzikhohlisa emcabangweni yethu. Ngemva Comté ezihlongozwayo izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda, kwabantu izisekelo avulwa. Ngokushesha waqala ukuthuthukisa njengenhlangano isayensi enokwehla.

Ngobutjha lokucuketfwe kwaleso sifundvo

Kuze kube sekupheleni 19 leminyaka umbono, njengoba isayensi ezifanayo zenhlalo, yena wanqoba emibuthanweni ngokwesayensi. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo olwenziwa e-19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwabantu theory iye yabizwa kuqhutshekwe athuthukile. Saqala ukuba esabiwe, kanye zomthetho, ukubalwa kwabantu, kwezomnotho kanye nezinye izici kanye nomphakathi. Kule ndaba, isihloko kufanele sibe nesithakazelo, isayensi iye kancane kancane kokushintsha nokuqukethwe kwalo. Waqala ukuba sehliselwe isifundo yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, ezinsikeni zawo emphakathini.

Umnikelo Emilya Dyurkgeyma

Usosayensi wokuqala ngubani kuchazwa lokhu isayensi njengoba ethize, ezahlukene kusukela social sciences, wayeyisazi sefilosofi French Emil Dyurkgeym (iminyaka yokuphila - 1858-1917). Kwaba sibonga kuye ukuthi kwabantu saphela kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele ezifanayo ayiyale social science. Waba ezimele, wavuka eziningi nezinye social sciences.

I institutionalization kwabantu eRussia

Kubaluleka kwabantu babekwa ezweni lakithi ngemva ngoMeyi 1918 lathatha isinqumo we-CPC. Kwavezwa ukuthi umphakathi nocwaningo ingenye imisebenzi eyinhloko isayensi Soviet. ERussia, le njongo Institute sociobiological yasungulwa. Petersburg University ngonyaka ofanayo ezidalwe ngowokuqala emnyangweni Russian lwezenhlalo, eliholwa Pitirim Sorokin.

Esikhathini inqubo yentuthuko kule isayensi, kokubili ezifuywayo angaphandle, ukhethe amazinga 2: Macro futhi microsociological.

Macro- futhi microsociology

Macrosociology - isifundo esiphathelene izakhiwo zomphakathi: izikhungo zemfundo, kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, umndeni, umnotho ngokuya ubudlelwano babo kanye nokusebenza. Njengengxenye yalolu indlela thina nakho abantu ifundelwe zinengxenye izakhiwo zomphakathi ngubani.

Ezingeni nokuxhumana microsociology ngabanye. I mqondo eyinhloko kuba, ukuthi izenzakalo umphakathi kungaqondakala ngokuhlaziya ngabanye kanye yakhe izisusa nezenzo, ukuziphatha, amagugu ukuthi ukunquma ukuba nobudlelwane nabanye. Lesi sakhiwo ikuvumela ukuba ucacise zesifundo wesayensi isifundo esiphathelene nomphakathi kanye nezikhungo zayo emphakathini.

Lenin indlela Marxist-

Lokhu kunganeliseki kwavela ngemva umqondo kaMarx-Leninist indlela ehlukile ekuqondeni isiyalo oyithandayo kithi. Sociology Model kukhona ezintathu-tiered: izifundo enokwehla, ithiyori ekhethekile nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo zomlando. Le ndlela libhekene isifiso ukungena isayensi Marxism yalelozwe isakhiwo, ukuze udale uxhumano phakathi izinto ezibonakalayo zomlando (nefilosofi zenhlalo) kanye nezimo ezithile lwezenhlalo. Isihloko isiyalo Kulokhu iba theory zefilosofi yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Okungukuthi, yokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nefilosofi kukhona into eyodwa. Kusobala ukuthi lena isikhundla okungalungile. Le ndlela iye isehlane yokuhlalisana kwabantu Marxism enchubeni ezweni ukuthuthukiswa ulwazi mayelana nomphakathi.

Sinesithakazelo isayensi ayikwazi ukwenziwa nefilosofi kwezenhlalo, njengoba isici wawusondela kuzibonakalisa nezinye imiqondo nezigaba, kuhlobene nezinga amaqiniso aqinisekiswe enokwehla. Okokuqala, isici ke njengoba isayensi izama ukuthola ikhono ukwelapha ekhona emphakathini izinhlangano zomphakathi, ubudlelwano nezikhungo njengoba ukuba zihlolwe ngosizo idatha enokwehla.

Izindlela ezinye neSayensi kwabantu

Qaphela ukuthi Comté wakhomba 2 izici zalesi isayensi:

1) isidingo zisebenze isifundo esiphathelene nomphakathi izindlela zesayensi;

2) ukusetshenziswa idatha etholwe practice.

Sociology e ukuhlaziywa umphakathi isebenzisa izindlela futhi abanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi. Ngakho, ukusetshenziswa indlela lokubala ubuningi babantu kwenza ekutadisheni labantu nomsebenzi womuntu ephathelene nayo. Ngokomqondo futhi uchaza ukuziphatha kwabantu besebenzisa izimo zengqondo social nezisusa. Group, noma indlela obschnostny ukutadisha ukuziphatha lilonke amaqembu, kwemiphakathi kanye nezinhlangano. izifundo Cultural ukuziphatha kwabantu ngokusebenzisa ngetenhlalo nemagugu, imithetho, izinkambiso.

Sociology isakhiwo manje inquma abaqukethwe sebuningini nemibono nemiqondo ephathelene ekutadisheni ethize kuncike Amasimu: inkolo, ekuxhumaneni umndeni, abantu, amasiko, kanye nabanye.

Osondela macrosociology ezingeni

Esikhathini ukuqonda umphakathi njengoba uhlelo, ie ezingeni macrosociological, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko. Kuyinto mayelana nokuxazululwa kwenkinga, ukusebenza.

functionalism

ithiyori Okokuqala obusebenzayo sekukhona ekhulwini le-19. Umqondo indlela kwakungekaNkulunkulu ukuze Herbert Spencer (ngenhla), ukuqhathanisa umphakathi wesintu ukuba eziphilayo. Njengaye, ke inezingxenye eziningi -. Political, kwezomnotho, ezempi, yezokwelapha, njll Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye wabo umsebenzi othile. Sociology has inkinga yayo ekhethekile elihlobene ne ukutadisha le misebenzi. By endleleni, igama theory (functionalism) kusuka lapha.

Emil Dyurkgeym ezihlongozwayo umqondo enemininingwane kule ndlela. Yaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa R. Merton, T. Parsons. Imibono eziyisisekelo functionalism ezilandelayo: umphakathi kuyaqondakala njengoba uhlelo izingxenye ihlanganiswe, lapho kuneendlela ngawo unawo kungapheli kwato. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo kugucuka obuphathekayo benkolelo yazo ezindaweni zomphakathi. ukuzinza Kwalo ubuqotho kwakhiwa ngesisekelo zonke lezi zimfanelo.

imfundiso yokuziphendukela izingxabano

Njengoba theory obusebenzayo (ngokuhlukahluka okuthile kweminye ukubhuka) kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha Marxism. Nokho, it is ihlaziye e kwabantu Western ngelinye ihlo. Njengoba Marx (isithombe wakhe uvezwa ngenhla) lesimcoka yentuthuko umphakathi kubhekwe lesibangela kushayisana emkhatsini amakilasi futhi baqhuba ngesisekelo salokhu, umqondo kusebenta kwato kanye nokuthuthukiswa le ndlela yokukhuluma ngokwesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu entshonalanga igama ekhethekile - ukungqubuzana theory. Kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa Marx, ludvweshu ekilasini futhi isixazululo layo - yisandla yomlando. Kule ke balandela isidingo kabusha umphakathi ngokusebenzisa ukuvukela uMbuso.

Phakathi abasekeli indlela emphakathini ngokuya ingxabano kungase kuqashelwe ososayensi German ezifana R. Dahrendorf futhi Georg Simmel. Lesi sakamuva kubhekwe ukuthi kuvela izingxabano kusuka khona isazela kwenzondo, okuyinto zaba zimbi uma kukhona Ukungqubuzana izithakazelo. Dahrendorf wagomela ukuthi umthombo wabo oyinhloko - amandla abanye phezu kwabanye. Phakathi amandla nokuba nakho futhi ungayembethe ingxabano.

Osondela microsociology ezingeni

Eyesibili, microsociological, nasemazweni okuthiwa athuthukile eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma interaktsionalizma (igama elithi "ukuxhumana" kusho "ukuthatha"). Indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni yayo kudlalwa Charles H. Cooley, uWilliam uJakobe, uJohane. G. Meade, John. Dewey, uH Garfinkel. Labo abasungula le nkolelo-mbono interactionist, wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu kungaqondakala usebenzisa isigaba imivuzo kanye izijeziso - phela yilokhu inquma yokuziphatha kwesintu.

Indima theory akaconsi e microsociology. Waphawuleka ngani kule ndawo? Sociology - isayensi, lapho izindima kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela akhiwa izazi ezinjengo R. K. Merton, Ya L. Moreno, R. Linton.. Kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa yokuthi lokhu sekwandile, izwe nomphakathi - inethiwekhi be yezenhlalakahle (izikhundla) ezihlobene nomunye. Bayachaza yokuziphatha kwesintu.

ngezigaba Base, kwavumela ukuba inqwaba yemibono izikole

kwabantu Scientific, behlola izinqubo ezenzeka emphakathini, libabiza ke ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokutadisha izigaba yentuthuko yayo njengesisekelo esingazithatha ekusungulweni kobuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa namabutho elikhiqizayo (J. Galbraith). Ngo isiko Marxism e ngesisekelo ngezigaba - umqondo kumiswa. Umphakathi kungenziwa labizwa ngesisekelo okuyizona ulimi, inkolo, kanye nabanye. Le incazelo yanoma iyiphi division ezinjalo kudingeka ukuba uqonde ukuthi esikhathini sethu.

kwabantu Modern yakhiwa ukuze ikhona i eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezahlukene alinganayo nezikole. Ngamanye amazwi, umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi ithiyori jikelele kwenqatshiwe. Ososayensi baye baqala ukuza esiphethweni sokuthi izindlela nokhahlo kule isayensi lapho. Nokho, izinga lokuphila kwabo kuncike Ukwanela kwezinto reflection of izinqubo ezenzeka emphakathini. Okwakushiwo yalezi zindlela itholakala lokuthi ukuthi lo mkhuba uqobo, hhayi zohlobo izizathu zayo, unikezwa ukubaluleka main.

kwabantu kwezomnotho

Lo mzila umphakathi nocwaningo, okufaka ukuhlaziywa ngokombono theory kwezenhlalo umsebenti wetemnotfo. abameleli zako ziyizindlela Weber, Marx, Sombart, Schumpeter kanye kwabantu abanye Economic -. It is a isayensi ukuthi ufunda iqoqo izinqubo zomphakathi kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. Abakwazi ezihlobana isimo noma izimakethe, kanye nabantu noma amakhaya. Ngakho, izindlela ezahlukene iqoqo idatha kanye nokuhlaziywa, kuhlanganise lwezenhlalo. Sociology Economic kohlaka indlela positivist, waqonda njengoba isayensi ukuthi etadisha ukuziphatha yimaphi amaqembu ezinkulu kwezenhlalo. Kulokhu, akusiyo unesithakazelo kunoma yiliphi uhlobo ukuziphatha, futhi ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kanye kokuthola imali nezinye izimpahla.

Sociology Institute (Russian Academy of Sciences)

Namuhla e-Russia kukhona isikhungo esibalulekile, ebhekisela Russian Academy of Sciences. Lokhu Institute wesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu. Umgomo wakhe oyinhloko - ukuqaliswa ucwaningo eziyisisekelo emkhakheni wesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu, kanye nocwaningo isicelo kule ndawo. I-Institute yasungulwa ngo-1968. Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi kuba isikhungo eyinhloko yezwe kwethu okuthuthukayo kulo mkhakha yolwazi ezifana kwabantu. Ucwaningo ke kubaluleke kakhulu. Kusukela ngo-2010, yena ishicilela "Bulletin of the Institute of Sociology" - wesayensi e-iphephabhuku. Inani abasebenzi abantu mayelana 400, iningi labo cishe nabasebenzi bocwaningo 300. Olwenziwe seminar ahlukahlukene, izingqungquthela, ukufunda.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMnyango Sociology GAUGN usebenza ngesisekelo kulesi sikhungo. Nakuba lokhu ubuhlakani babhaliswa-20 kuphela abafundi ngonyaka, kubalulekile ukuzindla ngalabo abaye bakhetha kokuqondisa 'kwabantu ".