Sodium phenate: Ukulungiselela, Properties Chemical

Phenols - ezinuka kamnandi kokuba isigcawu esisodwa noma ngaphezulu hydroxyl exhumene kuya kuma-atom carbon benzenovogo-nucleus. Ngokusho mangaki amaqembu OH kukhona phenols ovelele esalisekela, nobujamo futhi trihydric.

Monohydric phenols - amagama ahlobene of-benzene futhi homologues yayo nucleus iyiphi hydrogen atom esikhundleni iqembu hydroxyl.

Isomerism futhi ngesilwane esifuywayo. Esikhathini omele olula phenols - carbolic acid (phenol) isomers cha, e homologs yayo khona isomers positional leqembu hydroxyl e benzonovom core (Ortho, meta, para isikhundla).

Ukuze igama phenols esetshenziswa ezintathu ngesilwane esifuywayo - zomlando, enengqondo futhi IUPAC. Ukuze zomlando ngesilwane esifuywayo phenols abizwa ngokuthi trivially - phenol (esibulalini carbolic acid), cresols, njll

umthombo yemvelo lezi zinto kuyinto amalahle itiyela, uwoyela ikhenela, itiyela beech, njll Yamalahle itiyela ikhiqizwa ngesikhathi amalahle ziphuzo zazihluzwa ezomile. Imithombo esikhiqiza phenols kukhona ezomhlaba (abilayo at 170-230 ° C) futhi elisindayo (abilayo at 230-270 ° C) uwoyela. Phakathi kwenqubo sodium hydroxide yalungiswa sodium phenolate. Ifomula kwale nto siqukethe amasalela phenol kanye sodium.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri, sulphosalts ngokuvamile elimnandi (i-sodium ne-potassium nosawoti of acid sulfonic) asetshenziselwa ukuthola phenols. Phakathi zamakhemikhali, i-sodium noma ye-potassium phenolate. Ngemva kwalokho, lezi zakhi iphathwa acid yezimbiwa ukunikeza phenols khulula.

izakhiwo Chemical kukhona ngenxa yokuba khona we phenol OH iqembu benzelnom-nucleus. Lezi izinto ongangena ukusabela okuyizinto sici alcohols (kumiswa esters, phenolates, halogenated) kanye lamaNazaretha (esikhundleni sama-athomu ye-hydrogen kwi core benzenovom halogens, nitro iqembu, sulfo iqembu). Ngakho-ke, laba basebenzi basabela kalula nge insimbi ukwakha phenolate sodium. Kuyinto kulezizimo ziyabonakala isakhiwo ikakhulukazi electronic molecule alcohols futhi phenols.

kwakhiwa sodium phenoxide (noma phenoxide) is by ukusabela phenols nge alkalis. I izakhiwo azibukhali phenols obuncani libizwa. Lezi izinto kungukuthi ingcoliswe iphepha litmus. sodium phenolate ngokungafani alkoxides kungaba khona aqueous ane-alikhali izixazululo, kuyilapho awusebenzi ukubola. Phenates basuke kalula ukubola ukusabela nge acid (ngisho umpofu, isib, amalahle).

Nokho sezindawo azibukhali phenols kukhona kunalaba e alcohols aliphatic. Isingeniso engqamuzaneni we phenol electron-ukuhoxa substituents (nitro, Halogen, iqembu sulfo, iqembu aldehyde nokunye okunjalo) kukhulisa ukunyakaza hydrogen gidroksogrupp, ngakho izindawo esidi zithuthukiswa.

Ukuba khona phenols omuhle umphumela mesomeric ebangela ukuba izakhiwo nucleophilic, okuyizinto kancane evelele uma ziqhathaniswa alcohols. Le mpahla isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza esters, kodwa hhayi iqhaza ukusabela ngokwabo phenols futhi phenolates hydrocarbon halogenated.

Ester kumiswa kwenzeka kanjena phenols nge chloride noma anhydrides of acid carboxylic. Njengoba kwetinhlavu esters, ukusabela kulula ukuqhubeka potassium noma sodium phenates.

Lapho isenzo halogens kwakhiwa phenols Halogen nemikhiqizo. I bromination ka phenols osetshenzisiwe ekuhlaziyeni eyenza imithi: 2,46-tribromophenol kuyinto kabi oncibilikayo emanzini futhi kusheshisa phandle, okuvumela wathi ukuphendula ukucacisa phenols e isixazululo.

I nitration ka phenol. Isenzo ukuze phenol 20% nitric acid , ingxube o-p-nitrophenols ahlukaniswa ziphuzo zazihluzwa nge umusi (o-nitrophenol ukuthi distilled off, futhi p-nitrophenol uhlala isixazululo).