Izinkomba zokukhiqiza kahle kakhulu ekuthuthukeni onobuhle ezintsha yentuthuko

Uhlaziyo ebonisa ukuthi ukuhanjiswa ososayensi mayelana nokuqukethwe kanye Initiator of izinqubo ezintsha ziye zashintsha futhi wathola ukugcwaliseka ngo 6 izizukulwane inqubo emisha onobuhle.

Eyokuqala (1G) kanye yesibili (2G) isizukulwane kubonise imodeli komugqa "ukushaqeka zobuchwepheshe".

Maphakathi nawo-80s izinkomba zokukhiqiza ukusebenza leminyaka elidlule kwashintshwa futhi imodeli oyisizukulwane sesine - Kuqiniswe lapho nokuhlola ukusebenza zokukhiqiza yayisekelwe ikhono ukwedlulisela ukuqonda emisha njengoba inqubo parallel-to-serial.

Timphawu ebaluleke kakhulu ukukhiqizwa steel izinkomba ezifana degree of ngokuqondene ukukhiqizwa ucwaningo, nokubambisana ovundlile, ukudala amaqembu yethebhu ehlanganisa abamele izigaba ezihlukahlukene inqubo emisha.

Esikhathini 90 waphinda ekushintsheni uhlelo izinkomba zokukhiqiza kahle futhi washayelwa isizukulwane lesihlanu - umfuziselo amasu amanethiwekhi (5G), okuyinto simele ukuqhubeka oludidiyelwe, yi yayo iba emisha. Inqubo emisha kuyinto yethebhu, kodwa futhi multiinstitutsionalnym, inethiwekhi hhayi kuphela.

Lesithupha imodeli isizukulwane kwakhiwa ekuqaleni xxi leminyaka (6G) - imodeli evulekile, ukubukeka kuwona ihlobene R & D ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke.

Incazelo yenqubo emisha wabeka izinkomba ezinjalo kwemikhiqizo lifakazelwa, njengoba okuthiwa "ocashe" ulwazi. Lapha inqubo emisha - uhlelo multi-level, okuyinto kwakha uhlobo sakhiwonchanti ekuthuthukisweni kanye nasekuqalisweni kokusebenza ezintsha.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi emazweni anezimboni, indima izimboni zobuchwepheshe, buyinto eyigugu ngaphezu kwazo zinjalo izinjongo empahla. Eminyakeni yamuva, i-yagxila theory empahla nokuhlola ukuthuthukiswa ivuliwe ukufunda amathuba e isicelo ukuhlolwa izindlela ibhizinisi, okuyinto musa angena taxonomy imali, izindleko kanye emakethe izindlela. Ukusebenza izinkomba zokukhiqiza nazi zamagama abo noma yokuqala ukuze babe cishe akukho idatha esingokwemvelo bendabuko imodeli izakhi. Ziyakwazi:

- imodeli we-value-added kwezomnotho - EVA;

- imodeli ungeze yabanikazi bamasheya - SVA;

- real ongakhetha izindlela yokulinganisa - ROV indlela.

Ezingeni ukusebenzelana "imvelo yangaphandle" - "inhlangano" kumele sihlukaniswe izimo ukuthola kwentuthuko kanye nemibandela ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokusetshenziswa ezintsha.

izimo yenhlangano ukuthola ezintsha zihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa amafomu yesimanje yenhlangano emisha: izindlu, target okugxile mathupha.

Izimiso zomnotho ukuthola ezintsha zihlanganisa: nezinkontileka zikahulumeni, intela ezibanjwayo, izintandokazi, izinzuzo, amaholide, futhi isitolimende ezibolekiwe kanye nezinye izenzakalo.

Ngu lula futhi ekhuthaza yokwanda nokusetshenziswa ezintsha zihlanganisa:

1. kokuvusayo yenhlangano ka kobuchwepheshe kwezohwebo okungezona zokuhweba;

2. kokuvusayo Economic besekela ukuthutheleka ubuchwepheshe.

Ezingeni ukuxhumana phakathi "inhlangano" izinhlelo - "Innovator" kufanele kwenziwe isimo:

1. yenhlangano: ukudalwa amaqembu abantu abanazo;

2. zokuziphatha-ezingokwengqondo, isikhuthazo zokuziphatha wombhali kanye Innovator ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa copyright amalungelo empahla for umdali wabo wangempela;

3. Economic - oqondile kokuvusayo zezimali UMBHALI Innovator: ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa amalungelo empahla for umdali wabo wangempela, yabelana inzuzo ngokusebenzisa abasebukhosini izinkokhelo, isamba semali izinkokhelo, amabhonasi, copyright imiklomelo; izinzuzo engaqondile impahla: ngokusebenzisa isikhathi khulula.