IbhizinisiUmkhakha

Solid futhi uketshezi rocket izinjini

Rockets njengoba uhlobo izikhali, kukhona isikhathi eside kakhulu. Amaphayona saleli cala Chinese, njengoba kushiwo iculo ekuqaleni Kingdom Ephakathi kwekhulu XIX. "I red ukukhanya lwamarokhethi" - njengoba it is sung. Bona icala nabo neziqhumane, yasungulwa, njengoba sazi, ama-China efanayo. Kodwa ukuze 'ebomvu ekukhanyeni "sasikhazimula, futhi ikhanda lezitha bawa imicibisholo evuthayo zazidingeka rocket izinjini, ngisho elula. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi Kuqhuma neziqhumane, futhi umsebenzi kuyadingeka ukuze esivuthayo okukhulu nge gassing ohlangothini. Ngakho ukuthi indlela yokwakheka fuel kwakumelwe avuselelwe. Uma ezivamile alufakwa izithako isilinganiso 75% nitrate kanye 15% carbon-10% sulphur, izinjini rocket aqukethe 72% nitrate, 24% carbon, nama-4% sulphur.

Ngo yesimanje rocket okuqinile futhi accelerators asetshenziswa njengoba uphethiloli ingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa isimiso esifanayo njengoba yamaShayina yasendulo. izinzuzo zako ziyizindlela obungenakuphikwa. Kulula, okuthembekile, ngesivinini yokuqalisa, cheapness isihlobo kanye kalula yokusetshenziswa. Ukuze round uqalise, ngokwanele ukuba kokhela okuqinile fuel ingxube, ukunikeza ukugeleza - wandizisa.

Nokho, kukhona ubuchwepheshe efakazelwe onokwethenjelwa amaphutha ayo. Okokuqala, amandla omlilo eziqalisa zikaphethiloli ke asikwazi ukumiswa, kanye ukushintsha imodi amandla omlilo. Okwesibili, ukuncipha komoya-mpilo esidingekayo, futhi emkhathini rarefied noma airless kungaqali. Okwesithathu, esivuthayo namanje ageleza ngokushesha.

Lokukhipha ebesifuna iminyaka eminingi, ososayensi emazweni amaningi, ekugcineni bathola. Dr. Robert Goddard ngo-1926, ihlolwe ngowokuqala ketshezi Propellant rocket injini. Njengoba wasebenzisa fuel uphethiloli, ixutshwe nomoya-mpilo ketshezi. Ukuze lokhu kuhweba kuphumelele stably amasekhondi okungenani ezimbili nengxenye, Goddard kwadingeka ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi lobuchwepheshe elihlobene ne futha umjovo we reagents, uhlelo Ukuphola kanye lo mshini ayo.

Isimiso okwakhiwa kuso sonke ketshezi rocket izinjini, ezinzima elula. Ngaphakathi izindlu amathangi amabili zitholakala. Kusukela omunye wabo ngokusebenzisa inhloko ukuxuba we oxidant fed ekamelweni ukunwetshwa lapho khona kulethe kaphethiloli enikeziwe kusukela ithangi yesibili, sihamba esimweni gaseous. Kuvela omlilo ukuphendula esikhipha igesi sihamba lokuqala bebuthanela Subsonic umlomo wombhobho endaweni bese uyanda leSupersonic lapho uphethiloli nalo enikeziwe. Iqiniso ithi ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhudlwana, kudinga ukupholisa umlomo wombhobho, nokondla imibuso - izinga eliphakeme ukuzinza. Modern rocket izinjini njengoba uphethiloli kungenziwa yanikezwa ne-hydrogen, oxidant mpilo. Le nhlanganisela inhlekelele kakhulu futhi engavamile kancane noma iyiphi uhlelo kuholela ingozi noma inhlekelele. Izingxenye kukaphethiloli futhi kungase kube nezinye izinto ezingekho ngaphansi eziyingozi:

- kaphalafini kanye nomoya-mpilo liquid - yayisetshenziswa esigabeni Uhlelo lokuqala yenethiwekhi "Saturn V" in the uhlelo "Apollo";

- utshwala kanye nowe-oxygen uketshezi - zasetshenziswa V2 rocket German nawaseSoviet abezindaba "East";

- nitrogen tetroxide - monomethyl - hydrazine - asetshenziswe "Cassini" izinjini.

Naphezu yinkimbinkimbi design, uketshezi rocket izinjini kukhona eyinhloko ukulethwa isikhala wezimpahla. Zisetshenziswa InterContinental ezicitshwayo ballistic. Zindlela operation ngokuqondile ezilungisiwe, ezobuchwepheshe zisenza ukuba ukushintsha izinqubo amayunithi abo nemikhulu.

Nokho, rocket izinjini nge zokubasa okuqinile futhi awalulahlanga value abo. Zisetshenziswa isikhala ubuchwepheshe ukuze ube usizo. ukubaluleka kwabo okukhulu nokutakula nokuhlale unyathela amabhuleki, amamojuli.

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