Stupa Buddhist: igama, a ukubaluleka okungokwenkolo. Buddhist namasiko

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, phakathi kwazo zonke izizwe, kukhona yokungcwaba isiko akhethekile ezindaweni ezikhethekile ngabo. Abantu beze amathuna wawoyise, ebanikeza izipho. Emiphakathini eminingi, ngemva kokufa umuntu edumile Barrow nokungcwatshwa nenzalo ka singafika kule ndawo futhi simkhulekele, ukukhumbula impumelelo yomuntu wembelwa khona futhi. ENdiya, lo msebenzi kwenziwa Stupa Buddhist. Siphakamisa ukuthi ukubazi wakhe kangcono. Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, uzofunda ukuthi Stupa Buddhist, igquma engengcwele indunduma - imiqondo ehlobene. Siphinde akutshele mayelana zodumo Buddhism elihlobene ne umsunguli le mfundiso.

I Stupa lokuqala

ENdiya, Stupa lokuqala kwavela ezikhathini zangaphambi Buddhist. Ekuqaleni, base izikhumbuzo ukuthi eNdiya yasendulo zafakwa phezu kwamathuna ababusi. Igama elithi "nosimende" kuyinto umsuka-Sanskrit. Ehunyushiwe kusho "umqhele", "ifindo izinwele", "yinqwaba yamatshe nomhlaba" noma "okhakhayini." Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze sebefile izinsalela kuye kwaholela yokuthi eNdiya ngalezo zinsuku kwakungekho emangcwabeni ngomqondo evamile yaleli zwi. Kwakudingekile ukugcina kuphela izinsalela unburned noma umlotha. Kungenxa Stupa futhi ibekwe obekusele emva kwesidumbu somuntu ofile.

reliquaries

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, Stupa waba reliquary eyayinegama izinsalela ubuntu letigcamile kulesimo ngomqondo ongokomoya. Baqala esizokwakhiwa phakathi nesikhathi Buddha, futhi behlonipha yakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, Lotus Stupa yasungulwa by uyise, iNkosi Suddhodanoy eNepal (e Lumbini, lapho Buddha wazalwa) phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Njalo lo wayelodadewabo ukuma cylindrical nge Amazinga ayisikhombisa noma ezine lotuses.

Amanye stupas, okuyinto zadalwa ngesikhathi ukuphila Buddha sika, futhi ngaye emibhalweni. Kuyinto ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amane izigqulo relikvarnyh. Abathengisi Tapussa Bhallika futhi lakha bobabili phezu izinwele kanye nail yamaphephandaba uthisha. esifanayo Stupa Buddhist sidalwe Anathapindakoy. Akwaziwa nabanye ukuthi Yakhelwe phezu izinsalela Shariputra.

Stupa njengento leminikelo

Buddha wayefuna ukuba Stupa lakhiwa phezu izinsalela zakhe ngemva kokuhamba. Usinikeze le isikhumbuzo incazelo entsha. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, Stupa iye uthathwa njengohlaka object neminikelo eyenziwa zabo Buddha-imvelo, oluwuphawu kwengqondo Buddha sika. Kukholakala ukuthi ngokwenza iminikelo, abantu buthelela izimfanelo ezinhle. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bagcina ukuthola Buddha-nemvelo yena kakhudlwana futhi ekugcineni baba ukukhanyiselwa, injabulo oyinhloko.

Okunhlobonhlobo stupas esikhathini sethu

Okwamanje, reliquaries akuzona zonke Stupa, njengoba akuzona zonke ezibekwe izinsalela zezitho. I Stupa ngokuvamile ibekwe nje ucezu izinsalela, okungase uyibize ngokuthi zisezintsha. Iphinde ingaqukatha imibhalo engcwele noma izinto, ukukhanyiselwa uthisha isembatho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nosimende kungaba izinsalela lingekho. Kulokhu, kuyafaneleka ekubizweni isayithi yesikhumbuzo, wadala kumemori izenzakalo ezibaluleke ukuthi ubuBuddha kwaphawulwa. Kafushane ukhulume izigqulo lula. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zazo. Yakhelwe behlonipha isenzakalo esibalulekile ebizwa ngokuthi Stupa yesikhumbuzo. Futhi, bona usukela, kulandela isithembiso. Kulesi sihloko thina iyobheka stupas ezibaluleke kakhulu, okuyinto zadalwa behlonipha Buddha. Ziyakwazi relikvarnym.

8 relikvarnyh stupas

Ngemva kokufa Buddha izinsalela awasalayo ngemva ukushiswa kwesidumbu zifo kukholelwa ukuthi ziye ihlukaniswe izingxenye 8. Bona babekwa stupas 8, elise ezingxenyeni ezahlukene India, e labo eyayigujwa umfundisi omkhulu wokuphila, washumayela nobuBuddha. Chaza kafushane ngamunye wabo.

Inkosi yakwa-Magadha Ajatashatru waphakamisa omunye wabo e Rajgir, shaki - e Kapilavastu, lichchhavi - e Vaishali, Kolaiah - e Ramagrame, Boule - e Allakape, Malla - at Pava. Ngo Kushinagar Stupa wakha elinye igatsha Mull futhi Brahmin kusukela Vetthapidy esakhiwe ke ezweni lakubo. Lona kakhulu efanayo 8 stupas, kukhona ngaphansi lapho izinsalela Buddha. Zibizwa ngokuthi omkhulu relikvarnymi stupas.

pilgrimage izindawo 4 imakwe Buddha

Libuye amatemu ajwayelekile ezifana "8 izindawo yokugogobala" futhi "8 sutricheskih stupas" noma "8 stupas we Tathagata." Basuke ehlangene ukuphila we Tathagata, okungukuthi Buddha Shakyamuni. UBuddha umise 4 izindawo yokugogobala ehlobene nepilo yakhe. Ngo owokuqala azalwa, attained ukukhanya wesibili, wesithathu wanika izimfundiso kuqala yesine parinirvana ngakwesokunxele. Lezi zindawo ngokwesiko ukubizwa Lumbini (Kapilavastu), Bodhgaya, Sarnath futhi Kushinagar ngokulandelana.

I stupas amane ezibaluleke kakhulu

Ngo Lumbini Stupa Lotus yadalwa, ezakhiwe Korol Suddhodana (ubaba Buddha sika) phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. The main ingxenye yayo ngesimo a-lotus. Limele ukubukeka nokukhanya Buddha sika.

Ngo Bodhgaya eyakhelwe Stupa ukhanyisele, noma - unqobe noma isiphi isithiyo. umdali Its Dharma yinkosi Bimbisara. Lokhu Stupa Yakhiwa ngemva yokukhanyisela Tathagata. Kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu eziyisishiyagalombili elifanekisela umgomo endleleni Buddhist - ukukhanyiselwa ngokugcwele, ukuqashelwa kwengqondo yakhe. Lesi sithombe esiyisikhumbuzo futhi uphawu sokunqoba zonke izithiyo futhi amakhethini.

Stupa yokuhlakanipha (noma isango 16) lakhiwa Sarnath. Kuleli qophelo, the Tathagata wanika izimfundiso zakhe kuqala, aziwa ngokuthi "Abane Noble Amaqiniso".

Esikhundleni unakekelwe nothisha Kushinagar, lakhiwa Stupa parinirvana. The main ingxenye ezakheke - isikhencezo, okusho ngokuhlakanipha esiphelele Buddha. Leli fomu elifanekisela parinirvana ukunakekelwa.

stupas ezine ezihlobene ne-zimangaliso

By 4 izindawo oshiwo ngenhla yokugogobala kamuva wanezela 4 ngaphezulu uxhumene izimangaliso owenza Buddha. It Vaishali, Sankasya (Shinkasi) Shravasti futhi Rajgir. Kule minyaka engu-Buddha sesinqobe indlovu esithukuthele. Animal ahlushwe kuye Devadatta, umzala wakhe.

Buddhist Stupa ubunye noma ukubuyisana, lakhiwa yokudumisa Sangha nokubuyisana. Lapha, ngemva ngokudluliswa Buddha, owokuQala Buddhist Council. It Vinaya imibhalo futhi sutras zalotshwa.

Stupa Wonderland elakhiwa ngo Shravasti behlonipha ukunqoba iwine othisha Buddha sika eziyisithupha Grove Jetavana, awunikela umthengisi Anathapindaka. Lezi 'othisha zazizinhle abalandeli imibono eyiphutha. UBuddha yabonisa isimangaliso double. Wavuka emoyeni, okuyinto asebenza ezintweni ezivela amalangabi ngokwabo, futhi indiza lamanzi ngesikhathi, bese ehlezi-lotus, wembula khona lapho phambi kwabo esibhakabhakeni eziningi Buddhas. Lesi sithombe esiyisikhumbuzo lamiswao abanye Lisabi.

I Stupa Yakhiwa Shinkasi Kuhlangana Tusita ezulwini. Shakyamuni Buddha umkhuba okuphindaphindiwe, eyabonisa Buddha odlule. Ngokusho kwakhe, wenyukela ezulwini Tushita. Lapha Buddha washumayela Abhidharma unina efile, kanye onkulunkulu 33 ne retinue yabo. Ngemva kwalokho wehlela phansi emhlabathini by ezitebhisini emangalisayo, wadala azoyithola onkulunkulu Indra futhi Brahma. Uphawu lokhu Kuhlangana izinyathelo eziningi, limelelwa lesikhumbuzo.

Stupa ukunqoba okuphelele kwenzeka ngo Vaishali. Lapha esikhathini Buddha sika isifo ucekela phansi umuzi. Wakwazi ukumisa kwakhe. Buddha walibiza uthando nenhlonipho ngoba izakhamuzi zendawo. Lapho ephinda wavakashela Vaishali, izinkawu bemba exhaphozini Buddha, nekutsi thishela usebente ahlinzekwa uju. Kule ndawo yayibizwa kube Grove umango, lapho courtesan Amrapali wethulwa Buddha. Kube azazisa abafundi bakhe ukuthi izohamba ngokushesha. Nokho, bamcela ukuba ngibashiye. Buddha enwetshiwe ukuphila kwakhe izinyanga ezintathu, ngaleyo ndlela ukwehlula ukufa kanye nesikhathi.

uhlu abahlukahlukene futhi ukuthola izindawo stupas

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izindawo ezingaphezulu pilgrimage bantu abayizihlubuki futhi wabenza Stupa kuphela ingxenye zenqane stupas relikvarnymi, okukhulunywe ngaye Mahaparinirvana Sutra. Ngo imithombo Tibetan zibe nohlu ezingafani zalabo axhunyiwe ne ukuphila zikaBuddha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo yabo iyahlukahluka. Cishe, loluhlu eyaqoqwa ngesisekelo i ngomlomo. Zihlotshaniswa langalezo olungcwele kumasayithi yesikhumbuzo. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene kulezi zindawo sekube stupas eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, e Sarnath namuhla emanxiweni abaningana kubo. Ososayensi abakwazi anqume phakathi kwalaba ababili - noma Dhamekh Dharmaradzhika - yayakhiwe endaweni lapho uma Buddha wanika izimfundiso zokuqala.

Sutricheskih stupas ayisishiyagalombili

Kukhona umbono ukuthi igama elithi "stupas eziyisishiyagalombili Tathagata" akuyona reflection bokuba khona ezinye amasayithi athile, kodwa ivumela kuphela ukuba correlate izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kulolu hambo lokuphila Buddha nalabo ezindaweni lapho kukhona khona ezikhumbuzo eziningi Buddhist. Esikhathini isiko Tibetan, ngenxa yalokho, kwaba khona iqembu eziyisishiyagalombili sutricheskih stupas, okuyizinto izakhi ezahlukene yezakhiwo komunye nomunye.

Stupas eNdiya phesheya

Zonke izindawo ezingaphezulu pilgrimage kanye nezinkulu relikvarnye Stupa elise Northern India. Lona wahlala khona njengomfokazi futhi basakaza izimfundiso zakhe we Buddha. Ngemva 3. BC. e. lezi zindawo wavakashela uMbusi Ashoka, pilgrimage lapha yazuza ukubaluleka okukhulu emphakathini. Kamuva, Ashoka eyakhelwe stupas eziningi lonke elaseNdiya. Umsolwa omdala labo kweziningi ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla, kukhona Bharhute futhi Sanchi (India), kanye eNepal futhi Patan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zazakhiwe e Gandhara (banamuhla Afghanistan nePakistan).

Stupa e Sanchi, isithombe okuyinto letinikwe lapha ngenhla, kuyinto amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka edolobheni Bhopal. She is omdala izakhiwo ezakhiwo India, esigcinwe isikhathi sethu, futhi ezihlobene nobuBuddha. Stupa at Sanchi has simise hemispherical. It has no isikhala yangaphakathi. Lokhu nosimende ivuliwe esiyindilinga isizinda, ububanzi okuyinto 31 m. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithala lapho azibambile emcimbini.

Futhi ezithakazelisayo iyona Stupa ka Borobudur. Borobudur - i ethempelini lamaBuddha lasendulo adalwe eminyaka mayelana 7-9. (Photo ngenhla ibonisa). He is on obakhathalelayo. Java, amakhilomitha 50 kusukela emzini Yogyakarta (Indonesia). Borobudur - ezivakashelwa kakhulu izivakashi kuleli zwe. Leli thempeli, ngokungafani nezinye esakhiwe phezu flat, eyakhelwe eyehlelayo. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, wayesemsebenzini phakathi echibini. Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi Borobudur kubonakala esibukweni yayo ebusweni, wabonakalisa-lotus imbali. Cishe zonke wobuciko eziphathelene nobuBuddha, kubonakala izimbali le-lotus. Buddha ngokuvamile ohlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi ukuthi ifana imbali ukuqhakaza. Ngezinye Borobudur stupas nezinye amathempeli amaningi amacembe ebonakalayo zalesi sitshalo.

Njengoba ubona, hhayi kuphela e-India ezakhiwa stupas. Akumangazi, ngoba isiko Buddhist kuyinto ejwayelekile. Ezweni lethu, i-ndlela futhi, ungazithola. Omunye wabo - the Longsal Stupa. Yakhiwa muva nje Okthoba 2012. Lokhu Stupa Buddhist itholakala inhliziyo Izhevsk, eduze kwendawo Karlutskoy.