China: Izingxenye we Crisis zangaphambi wamavukelambuso

Okoloburzhuaznye ohlanga zomthethosisekelo kanye nokuphatha impahla ngobunxiwankulu imibuthano, eholwa Chzhan Tszyanem yafuna hhayi ahlotshiswe, kodwa sesimanje yangempela baseChina umoya yesifundazwe sokweluleka amakomiti nezimfuneko 1909- 1911 biennium. Mesabe imibuthano ovulekile for lenkaba ukhanda, impi Russian-Japanese ka 1904-1905., Okwenzeka emhlabathini Chinese, isibonelo edabukisayo Korea, ngo-1910 abaseBrithani basithatha yi-Japan, i-osekukade ukungqubuzana phakathi nokuphikiswa zomthethosisekelo kanye engafuni ukuyeka izikhundla zabo isiManchu despotism wadala ingxenye yokuqala pre-wamavukelambuso crisis.

Kwakuwusuku ingxenye ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso yeningi eholwa abavelele wamavukelambuso Chinese Sun Yat-sen yesibili. Kubo ngo-1894, wadalwa "ukuvuselelwa China Union" lokuketula isiManchu umthetho. Ngu 1905, China kakade kwase nezinhlangano ezimbalwa izinguquko. Ngaphansi kwethonya inguquko yokuqala Russian ka 1905 futhi evulekile ke ngenkathi "Awakening of Asia" waqala ukukhula ngokushesha wamavukelambuso anti-isiManchu inhliziyo. I kazwelonke zomzabalazo wenkululeko China eye wangena isigaba esisha. Ngo-1905, ngaphansi kobuholi buka Sun Yat-sen kanye Huang Sina ahlanganisiwe zezinhlangano wamavukelambuso ku "Association of Union." China izingxenye crisis prerevolutionary ...

Uphiko wesithathu obumbi zangaphambi wamavukelambuso kwaba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi ku "nezibhelu Chinese ubudala", ie. E. Yemvelo wahlakaza anti-lesiManchu, antinalogovyh nokuvukela futhi elambile (irayisi) izibhelu, ngokuvamile eholwa imiphakathi eyimfihlo. Lezi omkhulu futhi zonke ukunyakaza ekhulayo kakhulu lanyakazisa Qing umbuso.

Uphiko wesine ukukhula ka esimweni wamavukelambuso babe "kwezomnotho" ukunyakaza bourgeoisified gentry, bomhlaba kanye nonxiwankulu uqobo ngokumelene nokubuswa capital angaphandle. Kusukela ngo-1905 kuya ku-1911, izwe isidlulile uchungechunge boycotts antiinostrannyh (1905-1908), umzabalazo "ukubuyela amalungelo" ukuze ethumba angaphandle izimayini ezivuna (1906- 1910), ngokumelene ukubolekisa amazwe ukwakhiwa kojantshi futhi ukuthengwa ujantshi ezivuna (1907-1908 ). Kwakukhona umkhankaso mass ekusekeleni amabhizinisi yasekhaya, ikakhulukazi ekwakheni izakhiwo Chinese Huguanskih ojantshi, bese - "Ukuvikelwa nojantshi" (1911). Ukusungulwa Qing uhulumeni izinkampani ujantshi yangasese Huguanskih imigwaqo kubangelwe September-October 1911 ukuvukelwa Sichuan - esigabeni lokuqala Xinhai Revolution. Okthoba 10, 1911, kwakubikwa ukuvukelwa Wuchang izingxenye "ibutho elisha" eliholwa Abavukeli. Umuzi sidalwe nguhulumeni yezempi, futhi lokho wamemezela kokugumbuqelwa Qing ohlanga nokumiswa Republic of China.

Ngemva kokusho lokhu, izifundazwe 14 imemezele ukuzimela yabo kusukela Beijing. Njengoba kuhluleke nokucindezela ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso, le Ch'ing wanika amandla langempela capital Jikelele Yuan Shikai - protege wokusabela yangaphakathi futhi amandla lingabacindezeli. Ngo-December, izihambeli zezifundazwe ezimele bahlangana Nanjing, Sun Yat-sen akhethelwe ukuba nguMengameli futhi inhloko uhulumeni Nanking. Ekugcineni, aba "ombaxambili" - yokusabela ababephikisana wamavukelambuso North South. Yobutha ukusabela zendawo amandla kuhulumeni Nanking, kanye ushintsho Liberals con stitutsionalistov ohlangothini Yuan Shikai wadala inzuzo esivuna North. Sun Yat-sen kwadingeka ayeke iHhovisi likaMengameli lokhu jikelele ukuze athole renunciation we isiManchu lwamakhosi e 1912 Ngemuva kokuwa kwamakhosi Qing uMongameli Yuan Shikai etholakele okubizwa ngokuthi amandla .zaem kabusha ukuhlanganisa amandla akhe. Ehlobo lango-1913 lapho ziminze igazi aqondiswe ukunyakaza kwakhe izifundazwe ezisenkabeni naseningizimu.

China: Izingxenye esibucayi zangaphambi wamavukelambuso