Ubani owasungula le ibhaluni? Montgolfier abazalwane. A ibhaluni ne ubhasikidi

Umbuzo ka owasungula ibhaluni, ngokuqinisekile ngeke kube nentshisekelo umfundi ngamunye. Ngemva indiza yasungulwa emuva ekhulwini le-18 futhi bamelana novivinyo kwesikhathi njengoba lisetshenziswa yamabhanoyi futhi ezinsukwini zethu. Ngamathuluzi nangezinto zokwakha baguqulelwa futhi ngcono, kodwa isimiso yokusebenza uselokhu amakhulu eminyaka esimweni esifanayo. Yingakho-ke ukubhekisela ungubani labo bantu abenyukela lokhu imoto entsha emangalisayo, kuyinto efanele ikakhulukazi.

i-curriculum vitae

Nabasunguli ibhaluni Yini abazalwane ababeyenza Montgolfier. Babehlala edolobheni elincane isiFulentshi Annonay. Bobabili ebuntwaneni uyakuthanda wesayensi, yezandla kanye nobuchwepheshe. Uyise wayengumlutha usomabhizinisi, ayenakho iphepha lakhe isigayo siqu. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, uyena owayemdala kunabo bonke abafowabo bakaJosefa-Michel ngofuzo futhi kamuva esetshenziselwa wakhe wokusungula.

Ukuze impumelelo yakhe yesayensi, waqhubeka abe umphathi we-abadumile Paris Conservatory Ubuciko kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. umfowabo omncane Jacques Etienne kwaba umklami imfundo yabantwana babo.

Wayethanda imisebenzi yesayensi, usosayensi oluvelele British, isazi semvelo Dzhozefa Pristli, eyathola i-oksijini. Lesi sithakazelo kuye kwaholela yokuthi eqala iqhaza zonke ucwaningo, umfowabo omdala.

izimfanelo

Indaba mayelana nokuthi ubani owasungula le ibhaluni, kufanele uqale nge incazelo izimo esenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukutholakala olumangalisa. Engxenyeni ngekhulu le-18 lesibili wenze eziningi ezibaluleke ngokwesayensi ukuthi wabavumela abafowethu ukuba bakwenze imibono yabo siqu. kakade Sishilo kuvulwa i-oksijini. Ngo-1766, omunye umcwaningi British G. Cavendish wathola hydrogen - into kamuva phathelana ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe yamabhanoyi. kweminyaka ethi ayibe yishumi ngaphambi ucwaningo oludumile kokukhulisa ibhaluni abadumile usosayensi French A. L. Lavuaze athuthukile unokuthile akucabangayo mayelana nokuthi indima oxygen izinqubo namachibi.

ukuqeqeshwa

Ngakho, umlando owasungula ibhaluni, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa impilo yesayensi isigamu kwekhulu le-18 yesibili. Esimeni samanje, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi lesi okusungulile Lwenziwe ezitholwe ngenhla. Abafowethu babelazi okwatholwa yakamuva zesayensi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi wazama eyisebenzisa.

Lo mbono kanye kwawenza kuya ekudalweni kwemhlaba.

At onawo yabo konke nezinto ezidingekayo yokukhiqiza yayo: iphepha ifektri, kusukela kwesobunxele kuya uyise, wawanika kwezicubu paper. Ekuqaleni, benza izikhwama ezinkulu, ayigcwalisa umoya oshisayo sethula esibhakabhakeni. I ucwaningo ambalwa kuqala baye kwawenza umbono yokudala endishini enkulu. Ekuqaleni, yasigcwalisa umusi, kodwa yalolu ketshezi lapho wacosha ngokushesha epholisa, amanzi luhlala ngesimo kwezulu kithi izindonga ndaba. Khona-ke kwanqunywa ukuba usebenzise i-hydrogen, okuyinto ukuxegiselwa kuka air ezaziwayo.

Nokho, le gesi ukukhanya iyasha ngokushesha futhi esephunyukile ngokusebenzisa udonga ndaba. Hhayi babeze babasize Ukunquma ibhola iphepha, okuyothi ngalo igesi namanje iphela ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hydrogen kuyinto ikhemikhali eqolo, futhi abafowethu bakwazi ukuthola kunzima kakhulu. Thina kwase kudingeka ngithole enye indlela ngempumelelo ukuqedela ukuhlolwa.

prolusion

Lapho echaza imisebenzi labo owasungula le ibhaluni, kubalulekile ukuba aveze kwezithiyo wabhekana abafowethu phambi experiment yabo yaqedwa ngempumelelo. Ngemuva zokuqala ezimbili ehlulekile ukukhulisa isakhiwo emoyeni Joseph Michel wasikisela ukuba usebenzise i-hydrogen ne-intuthu ashisayo.

Lolu khetho kwakubonakala abazalwane bahle, ngoba yalolu ketshezi wayebuye alula kakhulu kunomoya emoyeni futhi ngenxa yalokho, yayiyindlela uyakwazi ukuvezela ibhola phezulu. nakho okusha kuphumelele. Izindaba lokhu impumelelo yasheshe kulo lonke idolobha, futhi abantu baqala ayecela abafowethu ukuba ubambe nakho komphakathi.

Flight 1783

Abazalwane abamiswe test ngoJuni 5. Bobabili uzilungiselele ngokucophelela kulesi sehlakalo abalulekile. Benza ibhola enesisindo esingaba amakhilogremu angaphezu kwangu-200. Wayengumuntu ngaphandle kwesitsha - Imfanelo esisemqoka thina zijwayele uyakubona imiklamo yesimanje. Ukuze kwathiwa enamathiselwe ibhande ekhethekile, lamagoda eziningana ukuba uyigcine isikhundla uma nje ngeke ashisise emoyeni ngaphakathi endaweni ebiyelwe. Ibhaluni Montgolfier Abafowethu babenesithakazelo esikhulu emehlweni olubabazeka kakhulu, futhi kwaba nethonya elikhulu ku-izethameli. entanyeni yakhe yafakwa phezu komlilo, okuyinto azithinta emoyeni. wabeluleki Eight ukubamba naye izindophi ngaphansi. Lapho igobolondo ligcwele umoya oshisayo, ibhola wenyukela.

Eyesibili indiza

Ibhaluni ne ubhasikidi sigameko kuphinde kusungulwe laba bantu. Nokho, lokhu kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe impendulo omkhulu, owawungumnyaka kokutholakala abaphenyi nhlobo emzaneni omncane French. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso ososayensi abathakazelayo Academy of Sciences. I Korol Lyudovik XVI yabonisa nesithakazelo esinjalo ukubalekela ibhola oholele abazalwane eParis. ngo-September 1783 mission entsha wabelwa. Bazalwane enamathiselwe kubhaskiti ibhola willow aphikisane nokuthi uyoma abagibeli. Babefuna fly ngokwabo, kodwa amaphephandaba impikiswano enkulu mayelana kubangele izingozi ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuze siqale, kwanqunywa ukukhulisa izilwane, bemewula ngeqoma. Ngosuku lwalo mhlangano, 19 Septhemba, ebukhoneni ososayensi ibhola, yizikhonzi futhi inkosi yakhuphukela ne "Passenger": Iqhude, duck nezimvu. Ngemva kohambo lwendiza lwamahora esifushane ibhola sabanjwa kwamagatsha, futhi baba bubi nakakhulu phansi. Kwatholakala ukuthi izilwane beneme, bese kwanqunywa ukuthi ibhaluni nge bear ngobhasikidi indoda. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, indiza yokuqala emoyeni emhlabeni eyenziwa uJacques-Etienne no-edumile usosayensi French oyisazi wemithi Pilatre de Rozier.

izinhlobo amabhola

Kuye uhlobo igesi ayizwayo igobolondo uhlukaniswe ezintathu izinhlobo zalezi amadivaysi flying. Labo ukukhuphuka usebenzisa ebilayo air balloon ngokuthi - amagama Abadali zayo. Lena ngenye yezindlela elula kunazo nephephile yokugcwalisa impahla igesi, okuyinto alula kakhulu kunomoya emoyeni ngakhoke angamvusa kubhasikidi nabantu ukuba kulo. Imihlobo ehlukeneko Balloons uvumele abahambi ukukhetha indlela elula kakhulu ukuhamba. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuleli design has a ibhaluni sikaphalafini.

Inhloso yayo njalo nokushisa emoyeni. Kulezo zimo, uma ibholo, udinga ukuvula valve akhethekile bezinhlamvu ukuze kuphole emoyeni. Labo amabhola, ngaphakathi okuyinto ugcwele hydrogen, nabizelwa charliere - egameni lomunye wemithi French abavelele umsunguli sikaCharles Jacques Montgolfier abazalwane.

Ezinye izinhlobo amadivayisi

Inani lo mcwaningi wukuthi ngeke ukuthuthukisa usebenzisa bakubo zabo ezivelele, baye baklama ibhola yabo, ukugcwalisa nge-hydrogen. Nokho, imizamo yokuqala aziphumelelanga, ngoba i-hydrogen, ngokuba imfuyo alufakwa ngokufaka mbeni emoyeni, yamila. Hydrogen nemiyo kuqhume, ngakho elisetshenziswa ngokugcwalisa igobolondo izindiza ezihambisana izimo ezithile.

Balloons nge-helium futhi ngokuthi charliere. Isisindo yamangqamuzana yalolu ketshezi obukhulu kunobukaJohane hydrogen, kube namandla anele, le nkulumo ayinankinga futhi iphephile. I ethile kuphela le nto kuyinto izindleko zalo okusezingeni eliphezulu, ngakho-ke asetshenziselwa mkhathi bavimba imigwaqo. Labo amabhola elaligcwele nengxenye emoyeni, nengxenye - amagesi abizwa ngokuthi Rosiere - egameni lomunye Montgolfier abazalwane wesimanje - wathi Pilatre de Rosier. Wahlukanisa ibhola igobolondo nezingxenye ezimbili, enye yazo wagcwala hydrogen, kanye nezinye - ne umoya oshisayo. Wazama afeze indiza efonini yakho, kodwa i-hydrogen yalo ivuthe umlilo futhi wabulawa kanye nomngane wakhe. Noma kunjalo, yasungulwa uhlobo idivayisi ubelokhu eqashelwa. Balloons nge-helium ne emoyeni, noma i-hydrogen asetshenziswa yamabhanoyi yesimanje.