KumiswaIndaba

Umlando yeSiberia. Ukuhlola kanye nokuthuthukiswa eSiberia

Stone for ibhande elikhulu, Urals, owelula expanses enkulukazi eSiberia. Le ndawo ihlanganisa cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine endaweni Imininingwane yezwe. ESiberia ezingaphezu kuka ngobukhulu (ngemva Russia) isimo emhlabeni - Canada. amakhilomitha square abangaphezu kwezigidi nambili zigcinwa esifubeni ongashi yayo izinqolobane ngokusimama kwezinsiza zemvelo, uma isetshenziswa kahle, anele ukuphila nokuchuma izizukulwane eziningi.

Umkhankaso ngokuba Stone Belt

Ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa yeSiberia ebangela wokubusa Ivana Groznogo eminyakeni edlule. Lamabutho elula kunazo kuthuthukiswe ngokujulile lokhu zasendle futhi asihlali muntu ngesikhathi onqenqemeni kwaba Urals Ngokwesilinganiso, umnikazi efuna ngiyinake ngokuphelele of owawungumnyaka Stroganov yomthengisi umndeni. Ukusebenzisa kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi tsars eMoscow, ababenako izindawo eziningi ezweni, lapho kwakukhona imizana amathathu nethoba nemizana nge Solvychegodsk sezindela. Futhi ephethwe uchungechunge izinqaba, welula ngasemngceleni into noma indlu Khan Kuchum.

Umlando yeSiberia, ukuba ngqo, kokunqotshwa kwalo of Russian Cossacks waqala neqiniso lokuthi izizwe abahlala kuwo wenqaba ukukhokha Russian Tsar yasyk - intela bekene intela iminyaka eminingi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indodana yomfowabo ka-Ahithubi, umphathi - Khan Kuchum - enomzimba omkhulu abagibele amahhashi wenza uchungechunge ukuhlaselwa nokuseshwa emizaneni okwakungokwenkosi umndeni Stroganov. Ekuvikeleni izivakashi ezinjalo engadingeki abathengisi ocebile waqasha Cossacks eholwa Ermak Ataman Vasily Timofeevich Alenin ngelika. Ngaphansi kwaleli gama wangena umlando Russian.

Izinyathelo zokuqala abakuleyo ndawo elingaziwa

Ngo-September 1582, iqembu lamabutho yomuntu eziyisikhombisa namashumi amahlanu liqala ukuzungeza yakhe edume kuya Urals. Kwakuyisikhathi uhlobo ukutholakala yeSiberia. Kuyo yonke umzila we Cossacks inhlanhla. AmaTatar abahlala kulezo zindawo, kodwa futhi inezakhamuzi ezingalé inqaba yabo, kodwa phansi kunabaphostoli wamasosha. Bona cishe wayengazi ukuthi izibhamu njengoba of okwandile ngaleso sikhathi e-Russia, futhi babaleka bethukile ngaso sonke isikhathi uma ngizwa volley.

Ekwenzeni Russian Khan wathumela umshana wakhe Mametkula yini ngamabutho ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Le mpi yathatha indawo eMfuleni Tobol. Naphezu bokuphakama yabo zezinombolo, amaTatar anqotshwa. Cossacks, sakhela phezu impumelelo, esondelene kakhulu inhloko-dolobha Khan Kashlyk lapha ekugcineni akuqede isitha. Owabe nkosi onqenqemeni yagijima, nenkani kwakhe umshana lathunjwa. Kusukela ngalolo suku Khanate kwanqamuka khona. Umlando yeSiberia kwenza round esisha.

Fight nge njengabafokazi

Ngalezo zinsuku, inani elikhulu AmaTatar izizwe okhonzile unqotshwe kuzo futhi nemingenela yabo. Imali babengazi futhi yasyk sakho esikhokhelwayo uboya. Njengoba kokunqotshwa Kuchum laba bantu baba ngaphansi kokubusa Tsar isiRashiya, nezinqola nge sables kanye Martens yakhishwa eMoscow ezikude. Lo mkhiqizo Libaluleke njalo futhi yonke indawo bayindlala kakhulu, futhi ikakhulukazi - European emakethe.

Nokho, zonke kunezizwe baye bamukela ngenakugwemeka. Ezinye zazo baqhubeka simelane nakho, nakuba buthaka iminyaka ngeminyaka. amabutho Cossack baqhubeka imashi yabo. Ngo 1584 walahlekelwa isikhulu edume Ermak Timofeevich. Kwathi Kuvame Russia, ngenxa yobudedengu, nokunganaki - kwenye izitobhi ukuphumula bangaveziwe isikhathi. Kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo eyasinda izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi yabayisa isitha lamabutho ebusuku. Sibambe uhlelo engamele Cossacks, evele wahlaselwa futhi waqala ukusika abantu belele. Ermak, ngokuzama ukubaleka, wagxuma emfuleni, kodwa zempi omkhulu - isipho siqu ku-internet Ivana Groznogo - umxhwele kuye kuze kufike phansi.

Ukuhlala isifundazwe yanqoba

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, yaqala ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo of Western eSiberia. Ukulandela amabutho Cossack yakhishwa ku abazingeli ehlathini ehlane, abalimi, abefundisi, futhi-ke, kusho izikhulu. Bonke labo zaphumela Ural, ekubeni amadoda khulula. Kwakungekho serfdom, noma landlordism. Khokhela kuphela intela esibekwe umbuso. ezizweni ezazakhelene nawo ezazihlala futhi, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, babeboshelwe yasykom noboya. Phakathi nale nkathi, izimali ezivela namarisidi yengcebo kusukela noboya laseSiberia kungumnikelo obonakalayo nesabelomali Russian.

Umlando yeSiberia awunakuhlukaniswa ngendalo kwesimiso izinqaba - ukuzivikela (mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo, ngasendleleni, ngemva kwesikhathi akhula eziningi edolobheni), eyasebenza njengodonga ezindaweni sokunqoba obengeziwe esifundeni. Ngakho, ngo-1604 yasungulwa edolobheni saseTomsk, kamuva owaba isikhungo ngobukhulu kwezomnotho kanye namasiko. Ngemva kwesikhashana kwakukhona Kuznetsky futhi Yenisei amajele. Ziyakwazi amakhanda ezempi kanye nokuphatha, ukulawula yasyka iqoqo.

Imibhalo leyo minyaka ukukhombisa amaqiniso eminingi yokonakaliswa phakathi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wonke uboya esefiké yengcebo umthetho, ezinye iziphathimandla kanye Cossacks ngokuqondile lokuqoqa intela ulele imithetho esungulwe, ukwabela umehluko ukuze zihambelane nabo. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ukungabi namthetho okunjalo wawajezisa kanzima, futhi siyazi Ezimweni eziningi lapho abahahayo kukhokhelwe nesenzo inkululeko ngisho nokuphila kwabo.

Ukungena ephakeme emasimini amasha

Ikakhulukazi okukhulu ikoloni nqubo yaqala ngemva kokuphela Isikhathi Nezinkinga. Inhloso zonke ababebe nesibindi sokuba ufune injabulo entsha, ezindaweni nhlobo, kulokhu Eastern eSiberia. Le nqubo waya ijubane swift kakhulu, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu XVII Russian lifika ngasogwini Pacific. Ngalesi sikhathi kwaba khona isakhiwo esisha uhulumeni - UMnyango laseSiberia. yemisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa ukusungulwa ezindaweni ukuphathwa kwe-oda entsha elawulwa nababusi ukuqoka ababesezweni zasendle ababamele abagunyazwe kombuso.

Ngaphezu kwalokho yasychnogo iqoqo uboya, futhi wenza ukuthenga uboya, okuyiwona ukubala lwenziwe hhayi imali, futhi zonke izinhlobo zezimpahla: izimbazo, ngamasaha, amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, kanye izindwangu. Umlando, ngeshwa, kukhona amacala eziningi zokuhlukunyezwa. Ngokuvamile, nangobudlova esikhundleni kwezikhulu namalunga Cossack izophela uthuli bendawo, okwadingeka ukuba abeke phansi ngenkani.

Izikhombisi-main yokuba ikoloni

Eastern eSiberia yingcweti ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: enyakatho ogwini kwezilwandle, naseningizimu umngcele umugqa eduze kulo States. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII ke isilusingathile baseRussia ogwini Irtysh kanye ob, nangasemva kwabo, futhi ezindaweni ezinkulu eyayihlangana Yenisei. Bona Kwamiswa futhi waqala ukwakha amadolobha ezifana Tyumen, Tobolsk futhi Krasnoyarsk. Bonke kwadingeka ukuba ekugcineni abe izikhungo ezinkulu ezimbonini kanye namasiko.

ukukhuthazwa okuqhubekayo bamakoloni Russian kwenziwe ikakhulukazi eMfuleni ULena. Lapha e 1632 Yakhiwa Fort, okuyinto emenza emzini Yakutsk - ebaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi reference iphuzu e ukuqhubeka ezindaweni enyakatho nasempumalanga. Ngokuyinhloko, ngenxa yokuthi lokhu kakade eminyakeni emibili kamuva lo Cossacks eholwa Ivan Moskvin bakwazi ukufika Umkhawulo wama-eliKhulu iPacific, begodu wabahloli ngokushesha Russian kuqala wabona Kuril Islands futhi Sakhalin.

Nabasunguli we onqenqemeni zasendle

Umlando yeSiberia, eMpumalanga Ekude namanje kulondoloza inkumbulo umhambi oluvelele - Cossack uSemyon Dezhnev. Ngo-1648 yena ihlukane eliholwa kuye emikhunjini eziningana okokuqala zagudla ugu lweNyakatho Asia, futhi wafakazela ukuthi ukhona strait ohlukanisa eSiberia phakathi kuka Melika. Kanyekanye nomunye isihambi, Pojar, bedlula umngcele oseningizimu yeSiberia, ngivuka lase-Amur, wawufinyelela oLwandle Okhotsk.

Ngisho nangemva kwesikhathi esithile iye based Nerchinsk. Inani layo buvezwa yokuthi ngenxa Cossacks ngasempumalanga eduze China, okuyinto futhi abathi kula masimu. Ngesikhathi uMbuso Russian safinyelela imingcele yawo engokwemvelo. Ngekhulu leminyaka elalandela kwakuzoba inqubo engaguquki sokuhlanganiswa izuzwe ngesikhathi kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni imiphumela.

Nomthetho ophathelene amasimu amasha

Umlando eSiberia kwekhulu le-19 libhekene inala emisha ikakhulukazi zokuphatha yethulwa kuleli impilo esifundeni. Okungelinye lamabandla okuqala kakhulu kwafakazelwa e 1822 isimemezelo ngokulinganisa of u-Alexander I, esigabeni sika-kule nsimu yabo enkulukazi ku ezimbili jikelele-yokubusa. Tobolsk baba maphakathi West naseMpumalanga - Irkutsk. Nazo ngokufanayo, ihlukaniswe yaba izifundazwe, nalabo - emkhandlwini County kanye inorodcheskih. Lokhu ukuguqulwa kwaba umphumela izinguquko owaziwa M. M. Speranskogo.

Ngawo lowo nyaka wabona ukukhanya izenzo eziyishumi zomthetho ngemvume yinkosi olawula zonke izici zokuphatha, kwezomnotho kanye zomthetho ukuphila. ukunakwa okuningi kule dokhumenti wanikwa nezindaba eziphathelene nokuthuthukiswa yezindawo yokungeneliseki wenkululeko futhi oda ukukhonza bebhadla ejele. Ngekhulu XIX ebugqileni lokujeziswa futhi amajele baye esiyingxenye ebalulekile yalesi sifunda.

ESiberia kumephu yaleyo minyaka igcwele amagama ezimayini, umsebenzi okwenzeka kuphela ezandleni iziboshwa. Lokhu Nerchin, kanye Trans-iBaikal kanye Umusa nabanye abaningi. Ngenxa ukuthutheleka ezinkulu zabadingiswa phakathi kubahlanganyeli Decembrists kanye ukuvukela Polish ngo-1831 uhulumeni ngisho sihlanganise lonke sifundazwe laseSiberia ngaphansi kokuqondisa acatshangelwe ngokukhethekile Gendarmerie District.

Ukuqala kwetimboni onqenqemeni

Of bhizinisi elaliphambili anezithunywa ngalesi sikhathi yentuthuko olubanzi, kufanele kuphawulwe lokuqala zonke ukukhiqizwa igolide. Ngu maphakathi nekhulu le-kwaba nengxenye enkulu yezakhi umthamo isamba ensimbini eyigugu ekhiqizwa kuleli zwe. Futhi weza izimali ezinkulu emphakathini ngenxa embonini yezimayini, okuyinto anda kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi ivolumu kwemayini. Thuthukisa, nabanye abaningi base bukhulile.

Ekhulwini entsha

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-XX kwekhulu, Umfutho ukuqhubeka esifundeni kwaba ukwakhiwa the sesitimela Trans-Siberian. Umlando yeSiberia kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa-wamavukelambuso ugcwele idrama. Njengoba yena ishanelwe expanses ezinkulukazi e isikali impi fratricidal, nokuyinto eyaphela ngo ekuvalweni White ukunyakaza kanye nokusungulwa kwamandla Soviet. Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe esifundeni bashiye amabhizinisi amaningi ezimbonini nezempi. Ngokuqondene nalokhu kakhulu kwandisa isibalo sabantu emadolobheni amaningi.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kuphela inkathi 1941-1942 ezaziwayo. lapha beza abangaphezu kwesigidi abantu. Ngo ngemva kwempi, lapho abaningi ezakhiwa giant izimboni, izitshalo amandla futhi nojantshi bezitimela, kanye kwatheleka enkulu izivakashi sabhalwa - bonke labo ikhaya elisha lokuba eSiberia. Map kule ndawo enkulukazi kwakukhona amagama ukuthi ziye zaba uphawu we kwenkathi - iBaikal-Amur ahlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu, eBratsk HPP, Novosibirsk nabanye abaningi.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 zu.unansea.com. Theme powered by WordPress.