Ubani u-Aesop? I-Aesop ye-fabulist nguyena odala uhlobo lwefable. Biography kanye nobuciko

Ubani u-Aesop? Impendulo yalo mbuzo iyadingeka ukwazi wonke umuntu othanda izinto ezinjengalezi ezifundisayo njengezinkolelo. Umlobi wasendulo wesiGreki uthathwa njengokuthi ubaba-umsunguli wohlobo, kodwa ubukhona balo mlingiswa namanje awunakuvinjelwa. I-biography yakhe inezinkolelo eziningi, eziningi zazo eziphikisana ngaphandle kwamaqiniso athembekile.

I-fabulist Aesop ingumuntu noma inganekwane?

Ngokokuqala ngqa lapho kukhona khona lo mlingiswa owakhulunywa ngekhulu le-XVI, uMartin Luther, phambi kwakhe, akekho ophikisana neqiniso lomlobi wasendulo wesiGreki. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ingxoxo ingakayeki, ososayensi baye bahlukaniswa ngamakamu amaningana, banikeza izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene zempendulo yombuzo othi ubani u-Aesop.

Abasekeli be-theory, okuqinisekisa ukuthi umlando walo mlando, uhola izimpikiswano eziningi ezingabonisa ngokuqondile ukuthi zikhona. Kodwa-ke, ngisho abakwazi ukuphika iqiniso lokuthi akukho lutho olwaziwa mayelana nokubukeka okwenziwa ngu-Aesop. Emibhalweni yemvelo, ecabangela ubuntu bakhe, unikwe izici ezihlukahlukene. Kukhona ngisho nenhlobo ethandwayo, ethi i-fabulist yayiyi-hunchback, ibhekwe ukubonakala okwesabekayo okukhulu.

Umlingiswa we-sage uchazwa yibo bonke abalobi cishe ngokulinganayo. Ubani u-Aesop, uma uthemba izici zabo? Umuntu onobuqili, onama-quirky, onikwe ingqondo ebukhali futhi ehlekisayo, okwazi ukudukisa noma ubani. Ngokuvamile, ubizwa ngezimfanelo ezifana nokukhononda, ukuphosa. Noma kunjalo, lezi zici nazo aziqinisekisi kahle ngamaqiniso, kuphela amangakwane agcinwe.

I-biography yomlobi

U-Aesop we-fabulist, uma ukholwa ukuthi ukhona, wazalwa ngekhulu le-6 BC. Zonke izinganekwane ezithandwayo mayelana nemvelaphi yazo zifakazela ukuthi umlobi wazalwa futhi wakhula ebugqilini, leli qiniso aliphikiswanga yizazi-mlando. Inguqulo evamile kakhulu ithi le ndoda yayingumnikazi womnikazi, ogama lakhe linguJadmon, owayehlala esiqhingini saseSamos. Le mbono yavela ngokugcwele ngenxa yesazi-mlando esingumGreki uHerodotus, owaqhubeka ephikelela.

Ubani u-Aesop, uma sicabanga ukuthi ulwazi uHerodotus analo lulungile? Usosayensi wathi umlobi wayengumkhululi, wehla ezandleni zikaDelphic priests. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uJadmon wagcizelela isihlengo sokuthi wathola izikhonzi zethempeli. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukubulawa komuntu ohlakaniphile kuhlangene nokuhlekwa usulu kunkulunkulu u-Apollo, owayengeke akwazi ukuma abantu abamkhulekelayo.

Kukhona enye inguqulo, egcizelela ukuthi umnikazi we-Aesop wayengu-Xanthus, futhi umbhali wabonakala eThrace ekukhanyeni. Isisekelo salokho okushiwo yilokucwaninga kwezinganekwane ezibhekiswe kwiqhawe eliyingqayizivele, kanye nokucubungula kolwazi olunikezwa uHerodotus.

Yini eyaziwa ngezinganekwane

Ingabe kwakukhona umuntu ogama lakhe lingu-Aesop empeleni, noma inganekwane nje enhle? Ubizwa ngokuthi wadalwa ezingaphezu kuka-450 inganekwane. Kucatshangwa ukuthi imisebenzi yabhalwa ifomu lezinkondlo, kodwa okokuqala akuzange kugcinwe. Izinganekwane zakwa-Aesop zafinyelela esikhathini sethu njengama-retellings, zivezwe nge-prose. Kukholelwa ukuthi ekuqaleni bahamba kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya esizukulwaneni ngesimo somlomo.

Owokuqala owahlanganisa imisebenzi ye-fabulist ngokweqile, kwakunguDemetrius of Faler, okungenani imisebenzi yakhe yilabo abasendulo kakhulu kunazo zonke. Ekhulwini lesithathu BC, uDemetrius wadala izincwadi ezingu-10, ngeshwa, zalahleka ezingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka edlule. Bese uhumusha izinkolelo ngesiLatini bese ubhala abanye ososayensi, isibonelo, i-Flavius Avian.

Izici zomsebenzi

Inkulumo ka-Aesop emhlabeni yayithonya elikhulu kubalobi abaningi abahlala isikhathi eside kunomlingiswa odumile. Akumangalisi, ngoba bakha indawo yonke, izakhamuzi zazo ezaziyizilwane, izinyoni, izinambuzane. Njengoba abantu bengewona amaqhawe emisebenzi, isifundo esifundisayo sithatha umlingiswa ongokomfanekiso.

Izindaba ezithathwe ku-fabulist zihlaba umxhwele ngokuqonda, ukulula nokucacile kokuziphatha. Into yokuhleka usulu kuzo yizinto ezimbi, lapho abantu abangenakukuqeda khona kuze kube yilolu suku. Lokhu kwenza imisebenzi ka-Aesop ibe nokusebenza okuphakade. Ukuqedela okufundisayo kuyisici esivela kuzo zonke izinkolelo, ngaphandle kokunye. Umuntu ozifundayo akudingeki aziqagele ngokwakhe lapho umlingisi oyinhloko ephutha khona.

Umlobi unikeza abafundi ukuthi bazindle ngokuziphatha kwabo, izenzo, ukubuka kwezwe elibazungezile, ukuhlukanisa amanani weqiniso kusuka kwamanga. Imisebenzi yakhe iyasiza kubantu beminyaka yonke, kusukela ezincane kunazo zonke izingane. Lezi zinsuku zisazi kangcono ukudala ubuciko ngokusiza ngezinkolelo zikaKrylov.

Iziqephu zomsebenzi

Izihloko eziningi eziqanjiwe, ezibhaliwe ngu-Aesop, zijwayele abantu kusukela ebuntwaneni bokuqala. Akekho owake wezwa ngabantwana abafuna ifa likababa beze, bemba isivini sonke. Mayelana ne-fox, hhayi ngokuphoqa, kodwa ngobuqili nokuziqhenya, yathatha ukudla ku-engcwaba, ishiya izinyoni ezijabule iziwula. Mayelana ne-fox elalifanele ukuhluleka ukuthola izithelo zomvini, ezisegatsheni eliphezulu kakhulu, ngoba lingakavuthi. Mayelana nokuthi ibhola labanjwa kanjani, futhi kwenzekani.

Ithonya kwabanye abalobi

I-Aesop yaseRussia - lowo okuthiwa umlobi u-Ivan Krylov, onomsebenzi we-sage yakudala wesiGreki ngempela wayenethonya elikhulu. Ukuze ubone lokhu, kwanele nje ukukhumbula indaba edumile mayelana ne-crow, fox kanye noshizi, bese uyiqhathanisa ne "original". Ngempela, cishe zonke izindaba zezinganekwane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Krylov zithathwe emisebenzini eye yasinda ezikhathini zasendulo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi umlobi angasolwa ngokuthukuthela. Yimisebenzi yakhe, ebhalwe ngolimi olulula, elihle lokufunda izingane ezincane, kubhekwa njengesibonelo esingenakuqhathaniswa nhlobo lwezinhlobo zanamuhla.

Labo abathanda amanga kaKrylov no-Aesop, banganaka umsebenzi wabanye ababhali abasebenzisa ngentshiseko izindaba zakudala zesiGreki njengomthombo wokukhuthazwa. Ngokwesibonelo, imisebenzi yoMFulentshi uJean de Lafontaine, "izinguqulo ezilula" zeLoot Tolstoy.