Ziyini izingqikithi? Inani legama elingasebenzi

Ingabe uthola igama elinjalo njenge-lubok? Cha, akuvamile. Lokhu kuyaqondakala, ngoba leli gama libhekwa lingasebenzi futhi akuwona wonke umuntu owaziyo ngisho nalokho okushiwo. Ngakho-ke yikuphi okuyingqayizivele? Sizokutshela ngezansi.

Babethandwa eJalimane, eFrance. Izitshalo zokukhiqiza kwazo zitholakala emazweni amaningi nasemadolobheni amaningi. Ukufika komthengisi noma ukuvakashela ibulungiswa kwakuyisenzakalo esimnandi kakhulu kumndeni wonke. Ngempela, wonke umuntu angazithola izinto ezithakazelisayo. Izingane - izindabakwane, abesifazane - iseluleko esiwusizo, samadoda - lubki nemifanekiso yomlando kanye nezimpi. Ngenxa yamabhodi anjalo abantu baqala ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezwe nezwe labo. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngaphambi kokuba kube nokulinganiselwe kakhulu kulokhu.

Lubok: incazelo yegama, incazelo

Ngakho, i-lubok (ngomqondo ovame kakhulu wegama) uhlobo oluthile lwezingcingo, isithombe, umdwebo nokungezwa kwemibhalo. Isici esiyingqayizivele ukulula kwezithombe ezivezwe. Loluhlobo lobuciko bendabuko lwenziwa kuqala endleleni yokudweba ngethusi noma ngokhuni, bese upende ngesandla. Babonisa kakhulu amaqhawe amatheksthi nezintandokazi.

Leli gama lenziwa kusuka kwamabhodi we-sawing ekhethekile. Babibizwa nge-lub (ngakho-ke igama elithi "umkhumbi"). Ngaphambi kokuba baqale ukwenza izithombe emabhodi, base besetshenziselwa izinhloso ezifanayo. Isibonelo, imidwebo yenziwe kubo, babhala amapulani. Ekuqaleni, izithombe zabizwa ngokuthi "fryazhskimi amashidi", bese umane lubkov.
Incazelo yegama lubkov kwisichazamazwi esichazayo iyingqayizivele. Isibonelo, i-splint ibuye ibe ipuleti yezingqimba ezintsha zesikhwama somuthi. Okungukuthi, ingxenye yangaphakathi yamagxolo, ikakhulukazi izihlahla ezincane ezinqabile. Ngokuvame ukwenziwa ngamabhokisi amathiko amapulangwe, abadwebi.

Enye inhloso ye-lubkov (incazelo yegama esichazamazwi iqinisekisa lolu lwazi) kuyisiza ngokuhlukana. Leli gama laligqoke isondo ukuze kutholakale izicubu zamathambo ekuqaleni. Ngakho abizwa futhi izitsha, amabhokisi akhiwe ngalezi zinto.

Ngokuvamile i-shred ibuye ibonise ibhodi eliketshezi, lapho ukuqoshwa kwesithombe esidingekayo ukunyathelisa kamuva kukhishwe. Kodwa kaningi leli gama libaluleke kakhulu ngokuthi "izincwadi" (izincwadi ezidumile). Imisebenzi enjalo yayihlukaniswa ngokulula okulula, singasho ukuthi - ukuthobeka. Babengekho kuphela okuqukethwe, kodwa futhi kudizayini.

Ukubaluleka kwegama elithi lubok elingasetshenziswanga akuzange lisetshenziselwe njalo izithombe noma ukwenza amabhokisi. I-lubok eyomile nayo yahlanganisa futhi ingxenye engenhla yophahla emadolobheni. Kodwa ukuthi kwakufanelekile lokhu, i-luboku idinga ukuqeqeshwa okuthile. Ekuqaleni, wayemisile yonke ihlobo ehlathini, bese esuswa emkhatsini we-crust yangaphandle, egaxekile, bese esomiswa ngaphansi kokucindezelwa. Futhi kuphela lapho baxoshwa ehlathini. Ngokusobala endaweni eqondisiwe.

Izilinganiso ze-slovok

Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokufunda incazelo yezwi lubok, ibanga lesi-4 lesikoleni liqala ukujwayela ulwazi kanye negama elifanayo. Enye yezinto eziyinhloko yi-bast. ULiko uyisengxenyeni yangaphakathi yegxolo lomuthi omncane. Namanje akunamandla подкорье. Indlela okusetshenziswa ngayo kusetshenziswa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.

Okulandelayo okujwayelekile (kepha okuncane kakhulu) okufana nayo yi-agitambok. I-Agitlubok iyingqayizivele efanayo, kodwa ngokuthakazelisa. Izithombe zakhe ziqondakala futhi zikwazi ukukwazi, futhi zibiza noma yini.

Enye into eyaziwa kakhulu yi-joker. I-joker akuyona nje isithombe, kodwa i-lubok enezithombe zamahlaya, ngesithutha noma i-caricature ethile.

Ngezinye izindlela zesayensi, i-lubok ibizwa nje ngokuthi i-bast. Uma sithatha inani hhayi njengegxolo, kodwa njengesithombe, ngakho-ke kuvame ukubizwa ngendlela evamile - isithombe.

Umlando we-lubok njengehluzo

Ubuningi buvela eChina. Kuze kube yikhulu lesishiyagalombili baphathwa ngokugcwele ngesandla, futhi kusukela nje kuphela kwaqala ukuzenza ngendlela yokudweba. Okuqhubekayo lubok kwavela eYurophu. Lapha ekuqaleni waqala ukwenza inqubo yezinkuni. I-Woodblock ingumdwebo esihlahleni. Kamuva, kwatholakala izithombe zethusi nezithograph. I-Lithography ingumfanekiso wesithombe kusuka kokuthile okuphepheni ephepheni. Ngokushesha, le mibhalo yayisetshenzisiwe nje kuphela njengesithombe esivamile, kodwa futhi njengempahla ekhukhumezayo noma yokukhangisa. Lokhu kwaqondiswa ukulula kwabo nokuhlakanipha.

Kwakukhona nezinto zokuhlambalaza nokuhlambalaza. Babethandwa kakhulu eYurophu, kodwa nabo bafika eRussia. Iningi livela eFrance naseJalimane.

Ukusabalalisa okungenangqondo

Ake sicabangele, yikuphi ukuhlunga okunjalo ekuqondeni izakhamuzi zaseMpumalanga. Imibala yakhe yayikhanya kakhulu. Futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, waqala ukudweba ngendlela yamahlaya.

Emakhulwini e-XVI-XVII naseRussia kwakukhona "amaFryazh amashidi" noma "amashidi amahle aseJalimane." Lapha izithombe zenziwe ngamabhodi akhethekile, okuthiwa yi-bast. Uqale ukuvela amabhodi hhayi izithombe kuphela, kodwa futhi amabhokisi namabhokisi abhalwe ngale ndlela. Futhi kwakukhona ukusikeka kwamaphepha.

I-Lubki eRussia isanda kakhulu, ngoba ibiza ngokungabizi kahle, ibheka kahle. Amashidi anjalo ayenze izindima zomphakathi nezokujabulisa. Kwakuvela kubo okwahamba wonke ama-posters ajwayelekile nanamuhla, amahlaya, amakhalenda.

Iziqephu

Ekuqaleni, iziqephu ze-lubkov kwakuyizinganekwane zomlando, izindaba ezithile zomlomo, izinganekwane noma ama-bylins. Emva kwalesi sakhiwo saqala ukuthathwa emisebenzini yangaphandle nasemalmanacs. Zithathwe ezindabeni zabalobi njengeGoethe noma Radcliffe.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, izithombe eziphathelene nomBhalo Ongcwele noma ama-portraits of famous and statemen zanda kakhulu. Ezithombeni zaqala ukutshala incazelo ejulile. Ngisho noma lokhu kwakungazange kuphazamiseke, kwakunomlingiswa othize ofundisayo. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwakuyizithombe ezilula kumatheksthi noma emadolobheni.

Izinhlobo ze-lubkov

Incazelo yegama lubok iningi futhi ihlukene, futhi izinhlobo zayo zingabalwa isikhathi eside kakhulu:

• Ezingokomoya (zenkolo) - izithombe ezifana nezithombe. Bangase babe nemifanekiso noma ezinye izimfundiso zokuziphatha.
• I-Fabulous - imidwebo evamile yezindaba ezihlukahlukene zezinganekwane. Izithombe zamaqhawe, abahlakaniphile.
• Amaholide - angenakwenzeka, kodwa ngale ndlela ye-lubok engcwele, futhi imikhosi engafani nayo yayibonisiwe.
• Ifilosofi - njengengokomoya, kodwa ngaphandle kwemvelo yenkolo.
• Imlando - izindaba ezithathwe ezincwadini. Kwakubuye kuboniswe izimpi, izenzakalo zomlando nje, amadolobha. Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namabalazwe ezokuzulazula.
• Imithetho - izithombe zenkantolo.
• Amahhashi - ngezibhamu ezinjalo ayemelela abamahhashi ngamahhashi.
• I-joker iyi-cartoon, isithombe esinezithombe.

Ukwakhiwa nokukhiqizwa kwe-lubkov

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-lubkov engraver. Babebizwa nangokuthi "abaphathi be-Fryazh abadwebile." Phakathi kwabantu abanjalo kwakukhona igama elithi "uphawu". Ngakho ibizwa ngokuthi inqubo yokudweba nokudweba isithombe. Ngakho-ke, imisebenzi yayivame ukuhlanganyela. Okokuqala, umphathi wefulegi usebenzise lo mdwebo uqobo, bese umdwebo usuqede kakade izinto ezidingekayo. Kwakukhona futhi igama elithi "ukuhumusha". Okubizwa ngokuthi ukukopisha i-lubkov.

Inqubo yokukhiqiza yayiqukethe okulandelayo: ebhodini, okokuqala ipensela ngokwayo yayisetshenziswe ipensela, bese ummese izindawo ezazifanele zibe mhlophe zijule. Ibhodi lagcwala, bese ucindezelezela ephepheni. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkulumo ezimnyama zalesi sithombe zahlala kuso.

Okulandelayo, imiqulu yayiqoshiwe. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kwahilela abesifazane nabantwana. Intengo ye-lubok yayixhomeke ekugcineni ephepheni elenziwe ngalo. Kuyini ukucaca ephepheni eliphansi futhi elimpunga? Babizwa ngokuthi "izifebe".

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza buye buthuthuka futhi buphuthukisiwe. Uqale ukuvela hhayi nje ama-engraver, kodwa ukudweba abaculi. Baqala ukusebenza ngezingcwecwe zethusi ngosizo lwezinhlobonhlobo ze-incisors. Lokhu kusize ukwengeza imininingwane eminingi kanye nemininingwane ezithombeni.

Ukukhiqizwa eRussia

ERussia, ifoni yokuqala yazalwa eMoscow. Kuwo wawusebenza imishini eminingi, futhi lubki yakhiqizwa ngobuningi. Intengo yayihlukile (kusuka kwesigamu se penny, kuya kopecks angamashumi amabili nanhlanu).

Ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwezingcaphuno ezidumile, ubuchwepheshe obusha nabo buvele. Isibonelo, "abenzi bombala". Laba bantu badweba inombolo enkulu kakhulu ye-luboks ngesikhathi esifushane, ngenkathi bethola imali enhle kakhulu. Ukukhiqiza indalo kwakungafiki isikhathi eside, futhi lo msebenzi awuzange uhlale isikhathi eside, njengoba imishini ye-lithographic yaqala ukuvela.

Ukuthandwa kwe-lubkov

Isizathu sokuqala esibalulekile salowo thando lwendawo yonke yilezi zithombe ezivelele ezithinta imisebenzi yezincwadi nezincwadi ezingatholakali kubantu abavamile futhi zibiza kakhulu. Abazange baqeqeshe kuphela, kodwa futhi bakhonza njengamanye amaqiniso, ngoba babevame ukulandisa ama-epic, ama-story, izinganekwane zomlomo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mibhalo yayiyizinsiza zolwazi, njengamaphephandaba noma amapheshana. Emabhodini anjalo ngokuvamile kwakungenzeka ukuthola izeluleko eziwusizo emithi, noma nje ukuzijabulisa ezifanekiselwa kubo ngehlaya.

Imidwebo eminingi ethandwayo yabulawa ngendlela enhle futhi kahle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, babevame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa emakhaya abo.

Ukucwaninga

Yiqiniso, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi ukucutshungulwa ezweni lethu bekulokhu kuhlotshaniswa eduze nobuciko kanye nezincwadi. Ngaphambi kokwenza i-splint, isithombe ngokwazo kufanele sihlolwe yi-censor. Uma lesi sithombe singadluli kuso, ngaso sonke isikhathi sibonise ukuthi kungani umenzi angalungisa futhi azame futhi. Ngemuva kokuvunywa okugcwele (hhayi umdwebo kuphela, kodwa futhi i-lubok eyenziwe ngomumo) umkhiqizi wathola idokhumenti edingekayo evumela ukukhululwa kwe-circulation. Futhi ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, akufanele kudlule inombolo ecacisiwe. Ukukhululwa kwezithombe ezifakiwe kwakuhlale kuhambisane nemibhalo egcinwe umshicileli. Ngenkinga ngayinye entsha yokuhambisa, amadokhumenti amasha akhiwe.

Ngokuvamile, ama-censors alungisa amaphutha esipelingi. Kodwa futhi kwenzeka ukuthi izithombe azihambisani nemicabango noma amasiko aseRashiya. Uphula imithetho yemfundiso.

Esikhathini samanje

Ngokuqiniseka, singasho ukuthi isitayela se-lubok asikhohliwe kuze kube yilolu suku. Abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi yiziphi izigaxa. Zisetshenziswa emfanekisweni, ukuklama. Ama-posters amaningi namakhalenda akwenziwa ngalesi sitayela manje. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamakilasi enhloko ngalesi sihloko. Ungaphinde ufunde inqubo ye-lubok ezikoleni zobuciko kanye nezinhlangano zokusebenzela.

Amasiko endala awazange akhohlwe, kufaka phakathi incazelo ye-lexical yezwi lubok. Nakuba zithuthukiswa kuze kube nosuku lwanamuhla.