I-Great Industrial Revolution: impumelelo nezinkinga (itafula)

Izinguquko ezinkulu zezimboni, impumelelo nezinkinga ezizocatshangelwa kulesi sihloko, zaqala eNgilandi (phakathi nekhulu le-18) futhi kancane kancane zamukela yonke impucuko yomhlaba. Lokhu kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwemishini yokukhiqiza, ukukhula komnotho kanye nokudalwa komphakathi wamanje wesimanje. Isihloko sithathwa njengenkathi yomlando wekilasi lesishiyagalombili futhi kuzoba usizo kubo bobabili abafundi nabazali.

Umqondo oyisisekelo

Incazelo eningiliziwe yomqondo ingabonakala esithombeni ngenhla. Ngokokuqala ngqa lasetshenziswa ngumcwaningi waseFrance uAdolf Blanki ngo-1830. Le mbono yasungulwa yiMarxists no-Arnold Toynbee (isazi-mlando saseNgisi). Ukuguqulwa kwezimboni akuyona inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ehlotshaniswa nokuvela kwemishini emisha ngokusungulwa kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe (ezinye zazikhona kakade ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye), kodwa ukushintsha okukhulu emhlanganweni omusha wokukhiqiza umshini emikhiqizweni emikhulu, eyashintsha umsebenzi wezobuciko wama-manufactories.

Ezincwadini kunezinye izincazelo zalesi senzakalo, kubandakanya ukuguqulwa kwezimboni. Isebenza esiteji sokuqala se-revolution, lapho zihlukaniswa khona yizintathu:

• Ukuguquguquka kwezezimboni: ukuvela kwemboni entsha - ubunjiniyela bensimbi kanye nokudala injini ye-steam (kusukela phakathi nekhulu le-XVIII - kuze kube yingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-XIX).
• Inhlangano yokukhiqizwa kwe-inthanethi ngokusebenzisa amakhemikhali kanye negesi (kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XIX - kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX). Ngokokuqala ngqa isiteji sahlukaniswa nguDavid Landis.
• Sebenzisa ekukhiqizeni ubuchwepheshe bezokwaziswa kanye nokuxhumana (kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XX - kuze kube manje). Ezesayensi mayelana nesigaba sesithathu awukho umbono ovamile.

Ukuvuselelwa kwezomboni (izinguquko zezimboni): izakhiwo eziyisisekelo

Ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukukhiqizwa kwefektri kunesidingo semibandela edingekayo, okuyinhloko okungukuthi:

• Ukutholakala kwemisebenzi - abantu abalahliwe impahla.
• Kungenzeka ukuthengisa izimpahla (izimakethe).
• Ukuba khona kwabantu abacebile abanezimali zokulondoloza imali.

Esikhathini esidlule, le mibandela yakhiwa eNgilandi, lapho, emva kwezinguquko zekhulu le-17, umbuso wezimbungulu waba namandla. Ukutholakala komhlaba kusuka kwabalimi kanye nokuchithwa kwabaculi emncintiswaneni omkhulu kanye nemishini eyenziwe yakha ibutho elikhulu labantu abahluphekayo, abadinga imali. Ukuhlala kabusha kwabalimi bezolimo emadolobheni kwaholela ekutheni kube nokulimala kokulima. Uma izakhamuzi ngokwazo zenze izingubo nezitsha, izakhamuzi zazifanele zizithenge. Izimpahla zithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ngoba ukuzaliswa kwezimvu kwakusungulwe kahle kuleli zwe. Izinzuzo zokuhweba ngezigqila, ukuphanga kwamakholomu kanye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla evela eNdiya kwaqoqwa ezandleni zomfelandawonye. Ukuguqulwa kwezimboni (ukuguqulwa komsebenzi wezandla kuya kumshini) kuye kwaba ngokoqobo ngenxa yezinto eziningana zokwakha.

Ukwenza umshini wokukhiqiza

Ukuguqulwa kwezezimboni kuqala kuthinte imboni yekotini, eyathuthuka kakhulu ezweni. Izitebhisi zokusebenza kwayo zingabonakala kuthebula elinikeziwe.

U-Edmund Cartwright walungisa loom (1785), ngoba abakhiqizi bezingakwazi ukucubungula izinhlamvu eziningi njengoba zikhiqizwa emafenini eNgilandi. Ukunyuka kokuphindwe kabili komkhiqizo kuyisiqinisekiso esihle kakhulu sokuthi ukuguqulwa kwezimboni sekufikile. Imphumelelo nezinkinga (ithebula) izohanjiswa kusihloko. Zixhunywe nesidingo esivela ekuqalisweni kwamandla akhethekile, okungaxhomeki ekujuleni kwamanzi.

I-steam injini

Ukusesha umthombo omusha wamandla kwakubalulekile hhayi kuphela ekutheni, kodwa nakubumboni wezimayini, lapho umsebenzi wawunzima kakhulu. Kakade ngo-1711, uThomas Newcomen, kwenziwa umzamo wokwakha ipompo ye-steam nge-piston kanye nesilinda ngaphakathi lapho amanzi ayefakwe khona. Lo kwakuwumzamo wokuqala oyingozi wokusebenzisa umusi. Umlobi we-injini ye-steam eyenziwe ngcono ngo-1763 nguJames Watt. Ngo-1784, umshini wokuqala wokuqhuma umshini osetshenziselwa umshini wokugcoba wawunelungelo lobunikazi. Ukwethulwa kwegunya lobunikazi kwenzeke ukuthi kuvikeleke amalungelo okushicilela wabasunguli, okwabangela ukugqugquzela ukufezwa okusha. Ngaphandle kwalesi sinyathelo, kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuthi kube khona izinguquko ezimbonini.

Imphumelelo nezinkinga (itafula linikezwa esithombeni esingezansi) kubonisa ukuthi injini yocingo yenze iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni ekuthuthukiseni izithuthi. Ukubukeka kwama-locomotives okuqala e-steam ku-rails abushelelezi kuhlangene negama likaGeorge Stephenson (1814), osebenza ngokusebenza ngo-1825 ngesitimela sezimoto ezingu-33 esiteshini sokuqala emlandweni wezakhamuzi. Umzila wayo wamakhilomitha angu-30 wawuxhunywe yiStockton noDarlington. Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka, lonke iNgilandi lalizungezwe inethiwekhi yezitimela. Ngaphambi kwalokho, uMelika uRobert Fulton, owayesebenza eFrance, wahlola ukuhamba okuhamba phambili (1803).

Ukuphumelela kobunjiniyela bemishini

Etafuleni okukhulunywe ngenhla, umuntu kufanele aqaphele impumelelo ngaphandle kokuthi inguquko yezimboni ayengeke kwenzeke-ukuguqulwa okuvela ekukhiqizeni okwenziwe ngefektri. Lokhu kuyisungulelo somkhiqizo, okwenza kube lula ukusika amantongomane kanye nezikrini. Umshini ovela eNgilandi, uHenry Maudsley, wenza intuthuko ekuthuthukiseni imboni, empeleni ekwakheni imboni entsha - ukwakha umshini (1798-1800). Ukuhlinzeka ngamathuluzi omshini kubasebenzi basefektri, imishini kumele idalwe eyenza iminye imishini. Imishini yokuhlela nokugaya ngokushesha yalandelwa (1817, 1818). Ukwakhiwa komshini kwafaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwe-metallurgy kanye nokususwa kwamalahle, okwenza i-England ikhuphuke kwamanye amazwe ngezimpahla ezibizayo zezimboni. Ngenxa yalokhu, ibizwa ngokuthi "i-workshop yezwe."

Umsebenzi wokubambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi wemishini waba isidingo. Uhlobo olusha lomsebenzi lwakhiwe - ukwenza umsebenzi owodwa kuphela futhi ongakwazi ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo oqediwe kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni. Kwakukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla okuqonda emisebenzini yomzimba, okwaholela ekubeni kuvele ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe, okwakhiwa isigaba esiphakathi. Ukuguqulwa kwezimboni akuyona nje isici sezobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi nemiphumela emibi yomphakathi.

Imiphumela yomphakathi

Umphumela oyinhloko wezinguquko zezimboni ukudala umphakathi wezimboni. Kubonakala ngukuthi:

• Inkululeko yomuntu izakhamuzi.
• Ubuhlobo bomakethe.
• Ukukhiqizwa kwempahla.
• Ubuchwepheshe besimanje.
• Isakhiwo esisha somphakathi (okuyinhloko yabantu abahlala emadolobheni, ukuhlukaniswa kwamakilasi ekilasini).
• Ukuncintisana.

Kwakukhona amathuba amasha kwezobuchwepheshe (ukuthutha, ukuxhumana), okwandisa izinga lempilo yabantu. Kodwa ekuphishekeleni inzuzo, umfelandawonye wayefuna izindlela zokunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi, okwaholela ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi komsebenzi wabesifazane nezingane. Umphakathi uhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili eziphikisanayo: umbusi wezimbungqwana kanye nesifundazwe.

Abalimi abahlukumezekile nabaqashi babengakwazi ukuthola umsebenzi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Amakhemikhali ayebhekwa njengomshini owawushintsha umsebenzi wawo, ngakho-ke umthamo wathinteka ngokumelene nemishini. Izisebenzi zazishaya imishini yamafemu, okwakubonakala ukuqala komzabalazo weklasi ngokumelene nabaxhaphazi. Ukukhula kwamabhange kanye nokwanda kwenhloko-dolobha eyayitshalwe eNgilandi ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 kwaholela ekuhlaleni okuncane kwamanye amazwe, okwabangela ukuhlukumeza ngokweqile ngo-1825. Lezi yimiphumela yempinduko yezimboni.

Izimpumelelo nezinkinga (ithebula): imiphumela yempinduko yezimboni

Itafula mayelana nokuvuselelwa kwezimboni (impumelelo nezinkinga) ngeke kuphelele ngaphandle kokucabangela isici senqubomgomo yangaphandle. Ngekhulu leminyaka leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ukuphakama kwezomnotho kweNgilandi kwakungenakuphikwa. Kwakuphethe imakethe yezohwebo emhlabeni, eyayikhula ngokushesha. Esigabeni sokuqala, umncintiswano wenziwa yiFrance kuphela ngenxa yenqubomgomo enenjongo kaNapoleon Bonaparte. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho okungalingani kwamazwe kungabonwa esithombeni esingezansi.

Isigaba sesibili se-revolution: ukuvela kwamandla omhlaba

Izimpumelelo zobuchwepheshe zesigaba sesibili zinikezwe ngenhla (bheka isithombe No. 4). Oyena phakathi kwabo: ukuqaliswa kokuxhumana okusha (ucingo, umsakazo, i-telegraph), injini yangaphakathi yomlilo kanye nesithando somlilo. Ukuvela kwemithombo emisha yamandla kuhlotshaniswa nokutholakala kwezinsimu zamafutha. Lokhu kwavumela uK. Benz ukuba enze kuqala imoto enjini ye-petroli (1885). Enkonzweni yomuntu weza ukhemikhali, ngenxa yokuthi waqala ukwakha izinto zokwakha eziqinile.

Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo emisha (ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsimu zamafutha, isibonelo), kwakudingeka imali enkulu. Kwaqinisa inqubo yokuhlushwa kwabo ngokuhlanganisa izinkampani, kanye nokuhlanganisana kwazo namabhange, okubambe iqhaza elikhulu kakhulu. Kunezimboni ezinkulu - amabhizinisi anamandla alawula kokubili ukukhiqizwa nokuthengisa kwemikhiqizo. Babangelwa ukuvuselelwa kwezimboni. Izimpumelelo nezinkinga (itafula lizovela ngezansi) zixhunyaniswe nemiphumela yokuvela kobukhulu bombuso wokuzibusa. Izinhlobo zamandla omzimba ziboniswa esithombeni.

Imiphumela yesigaba sesibili sempinduko yezimboni

Ukuthuthukiswa okungafani kwamanye amazwe nokuvela kwamabhizinisi amakhulu kwaholela ezimpi ukuze kuhlukaniswe umhlaba, ukuthunjwa kwezimakethe kanye nemithombo emisha yezinto zokusetshenziswa. Phakathi nenkathi kusukela ngo-1870 kuya ku-1955, izingxabano ezinkulu zempi ezingamashumi amabili zenzeka. Ezimpi zomhlaba ezimbili, amazwe amaningi ahilelekile. Ukudalwa kwamandla omhlaba wonke kwaholela ekuhlukaneni kwezomnotho kwezwe ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-oligarchy yezezimali. Esikhundleni sokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla, izinkampani ezinkulu zaqala ukuthekelisa izimali, zakha ukukhiqizwa emazweni anezisebenzi eshibhile. Ekhaya, izindlu ezizimele zilawula, zonakalisa futhi zithatha amabhizinisi amancane.

Kodwa ukuvuselelwa kwezimboni nakho kunezinto ezinhle. Izimpumelelo nezinkinga (itafula linikezwe esigabeni esiphezulu) sesigaba sesibili ukuqonda imiphumela yokutholakala kwesayensi nesayensi, ukudala ingqalasizinda ethuthukisiwe yomphakathi, ukuvumelanisa nezimo ezintsha zokuphila. I-capitalism yaseMonopoly yindlela ethuthukisiwe kakhulu yokukhiqiza kwe-capitalist, lapho zonke ukungqubuzana nezinkinga zesimiso se-bourgeois zibonakala ngokugcwele.

Imiphumela yesigaba sesibili

Ukuvuselelwa kwezezimboni: impumelelo nezinkinga (itafula)

Izinguquko zezimboni, izimpumelelo nezinkinga zazo ezinikezwa ematafuleni amabili (okulandela imiphumela yesigaba sokuqala nesesibili), ukuphumelela okukhulu kwempucuko. Ukushintshwa kokukhiqizwa kwefektri kwakuhambisana nenqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa-ke, ingozi yezinhlekelele zempi kanye nemvelo idinga ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe besimanje kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo emisha yamandla kungaphansi kokulawulwa kwezikhungo zenhlalakahle yabantu.