Ubukhulu bezinsika. Isisindo nokuqokwa kwamapulangwe

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemisipha. Zihlukaniswe ngenhloso: isisekelo, phansi, ukusekela; Ngezinto: insimbi, izinkuni, ukhonkolo oqinisiwe. Ezimweni eziningi, lonke ulwazi lukhona ekudalweni kwesici, kodwa kusobala kuphela ochwepheshe. Ukuze uthole ukuthi yini elandela izifinyezo ezihlokweni, ukuthi wazi kanjani ubukhulu bezinsika, thola isisindo, uhlobo olufunayo, cabanga ngezigaba eziyinhloko zemikhiqizo yokwakha.

Umqondo jikelele

I-boriti iyisici esinqunyiwe esakhiweni sesistimu yesakhiwo, esivela kwesinye kuya kumaphuzu amaningi asekela. Ingahamba njengeyodwa (ihlukaniswe), futhi izingxube eziningana (eziqhubekayo). Ngokwaziswa, imishayo ihlukaniswe yaba:

• Metal (steel).
• Izinkuni.
• Ukhonkolo oluqinisekisiwe.

Zisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni njengezakhiwo ezithwala imithwalo ezisebenza ukugoba, kanye nobunjiniyela bemishini (isibonelo, njengesici se-crane crane).

Imisipha yensimbi

Iqembu elikhulu kakhulu. Ukuhlukaniswa, ngokusemandleni okuthola umqondo jikelele wezigxobo zensimbi:

Ngokwehlelo lokusebenza:

1.1. I-single-span (ukuhlukanisa).

1.2. I-multiple-span (iyaqhubeka).

1.3. I-Cantilever (ngokusekelwa okufanayo ngendlela yokuchofoza).

Ukusika kungcono kakhulu ekukhiqizeni nasekufakweni uma kuqhathaniswa ne-multi-span. Imikhawulo engasetshenziswanga kuphakanyiswa ukuba ifakwe ezisekelweni ezithembekile, lapho kungekho khona ingozi yokungena ngaphansi kwemali engafanele.

2. Ngohlobo lwesigaba :

2.1. I-Rolling (eyodwa-T, mina, ngqa).

2.2. Okuhlanganisiwe: i-welded, i-bolted, i-riveted.

Okuvame kakhulu kuhlelo lokusebenza yi-I-beam imishayo - ilula ekukhiqizeni futhi iyasetshenziswa yonke indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizozicabangela.

Amapharamitha we-I-beam

Imikhiqizo yensimbi ihlukaniswa nokuthembeka kwayo nokusebenza okuphezulu kwezobuchwepheshe. I-imishayo ayikho into. Bathunyelwa esigabeni semikhiqizo ende, ukukhiqizwa kwenziwa ngokusho kwezobuchwepheshe. Kanti, izimpawu zisekelwe ezimfuno okumele zihambisane ngayo: I-GOST 535-2005 "Insimbi eboshwe futhi eboshwe ngekhwalithi ejwayelekile ye-carbon" ilawulwa.

Ngendlela yesiprofayili se-beam kungaba:

1) Ngamashalofu afanayo:

1.1) evamile (B).

1.2) Ngeshalofu esikhulu (W).

1.3) Amakholomu (K).

Kulo gama lomkhiqizo, uhlobo lwephrofayela lubizwa ngokubethelwa njalo. Isibonelo, ubukhulu bebinza 20b1 lisho lokhu okulandelayo: ukuphakama 20 cm, B - evamile, ububanzi 100 mm (10 cm).

2) Ngomthambeko wobuso bangaphakathi:

2.1) Ojwayelekile - 6-12% we-slope.

2.2) Okukhethekile: M - ngokulenga izindlela ze-cranes nezinye izinto zokusebenza (≤12%).

2.3) C - ukuqiniswa kwemishini (≤ 16%)

I-beam: ubukhulu nesisindo

Lezi zindinganiso zixhomeke komunye nomunye, kanye nhlobo lwensimbi esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa. Ukuzinquma, udinga ukusebenzisa amatafula wokubuka. Ngingawathola kuphi?

Kunamabanga asekelwe ku-GOST 8239-89, 19425-74, 26020-83. Ngolwazi lwephrofayela, khetha ithebula elifanele, thola kulo ubukhulu obudingekayo bezinsika, kwimeko ngayinye ethize, isisindo somkhiqizo sinikezwa ngehora elilodwa lokugijima. Leli xabiso libhekwa njengesibonakaliso, esetshenziselwa ukubala, kepha ngokusebenza kungase lihluke kancane (uma ukukhiqizwa kuqhutshwa ngokusho kwemininingwane).

Isibonelo: ibhamvu 20b1. Ukulinganisa ngokuhambisana nokulinganisa: ukuphakama - 200 mm, ububanzi - 100 mm, ubukhulu bodonga - 5.6 mm, usayizi wefulethi - 8.5 mm, irejista yokuvinjelwa komngcele wangaphakathi - 12 mm.

I-beam, obuningi nobukhulu bayo obonisiwe etafuleni, iyinhlangano yalezi zinhlobo. Uma uthenga imikhiqizo, umakhi kufanele anikeze ulwazi mayelana nemingcele yangempela yezinto ezithengiswa kumakhasimende.

Izigxobo zokhuni

Esivame ukusetshenziselwa ekwakhiweni kwezindlu njengamakhemikhali angaphansi komhlaba, phansi, uhlaka lokuqeda ugwadule, njengengxenye yokwakhiwa kwamagundane, izigqoko zokufaka uphahla. Isici ibha yechungechunge lezingxenyana nemingcele yokuphakama - 140-250 mm, ububanzi - 50-160 mm. Ubude bungaba ngamamitha amabili kuya kwangu-5 (ngaphandle kokucabangela inani lokusekelwa).

Ukwakhiwa kwebha kungenziwa noma kugcwele noma kuhlanganiswe (multi-layered). Ukukhiqizwa, izihlahla ze-coniferous zisetshenziselwa ukuthi zenzeke kahle futhi zisebenze ekuguquleni, okubalulekile ezikwenzeni izinto ezingezansi.

Ubukhulu bezinsika zamapulangwe kuxhomeke kubukhulu bomthwalo esikhathini esizayo, ngendlela yokugcwalisa umthamo wesakhiwo se-structural (heaters, rolls), kusukela ubukhulu besigaba. Yonke le mingcele ilawulwa yi-GOST 4981-87 "Izigxobo zokhuni".

Izici zokufakwa

Ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, izakhi zamapulangwe kumele ziphathwe ngeziqhumane ezivimbela ukubola, ukulimala ngamagciwane kanye namagundane, futhi kwandise ukuphikiswa komlilo kwemigodi.

Izinto zokufakelwa zifakwe ezitokisini ezakhiwe ngokukhethekile ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kwemikhumbi noma ngokusika umqhele ophezulu wesakhiwo sezindonga ezivela ezintweni ezihlukahlukene zokhuni. Ukufakwa kwenziwa kusukela ekudluleleni kuya emiphakathini ephakathi. Ukuphela kokusekela akufanele kube mfushane kune-15 cm.

• Lapho ubeka izingodo ezindongeni zangaphandle, iziphetho zamahhala ziyanqunywa ngo-60 ^° , ziphathwa nge-antiseptics futhi zivikelwe nge-ruberoid noma ukuphahlazeka.
• Uma ufaka imishayo ekubambiseleni, ukuphela kwebha kumele kumiswe futhi kuphathwe nge-bitumen ukuvimbela ukubola kwayo.
• Gcwalisa i- niche yesikhala odongeni nge- heater. Ungahlela ibhokisi lezinkuni.
• Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu, kubalulekile ukushiya umzila wokuphuza umoya, lapho umswakama uzosuswa khona ekupheleni kwamahhala.
• Izindonga ezincane (kuze kube yizitini ezimbili) isikhala ezindaweni ezigciniwe zingagcwaliswa ngodaka lwamatshe.
• Ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi zemijondolo zibekiwe phezu kwendlalelo yokuphahla.

Igoli lingashintshwa nelog, ububanzi balo buhambisana nokuphakama kwesigaba se-rectangular sento. Lokhu kukonga ngokuthengwa kwempahla, kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukulungiswa kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela ekhethekile ngokusebenzisa amahange ngokudonga.

Izigxobo zokukhonkolo eziqinisiwe

Isetshenziswa ngokubanzi ekwakhiweni okukhulu kwezakhiwo zokuhlala nezesidlangalaleni.

Hlunga ubhajethi ngemingcele eminingana, okuyinhloko kungabhekwa njengokuhlukaniswa ngenhloso kanye nohlobo lwesigaba ngesikhathi esisodwa:

• Okuyisisekelo . Zisetshenziselwa idivaysi yezisekelo zezinto zezimboni nezindlu zokuhlala ezikhungweni zomsebenzi wokunyuka komhlaba. Bangaba nephrofayela efana ne-T noma isigaba ngesimo se-trapezoid.
• I-rafting i-gable noma izinhlelo zokudonsa okukodwa zikhonza ukuphahlazeka ekukhiqizeni nasezindlini zokulima. Zinezikhombisi zokugqoka izinsika.
• Imisindvo enezinhlangothi ezihlukahlukene kanye nokulungiselelwa okuhlukile (imigoqo yokubopha, imicu ye-I-imisindo, ama-profile ahlotshiswe nge-L kanye no-T) isebenza ukumboza izikhala zezinhlaka, phansi kuze kube ngamamitha angu-18.

Ubukhulu bezinsika buxhomeke enjongweni yabo futhi babe nemingcele ehlukene. Isibonelo, izinsika ziba nobude obufinyelela ku-24 m, futhi izakhi ezijwayelekile zendawo zingase zisekelwe isikhathi esingaka-18 m. Amapharamitha asele anqunywa ngamunye kumkhiqizo ngamunye.

Ubukhulu bezinsika eziphansi zingatholakala ezinkampanini ze-Standard Standard noma ezivela kubakhiqizi abathile, ngoba zingase zihluke. I-GOST 20372-90 "I-Trusses ne-rafter ekhonjiwe khonkrithi" ichaza izidingo eziyisisekelo zemikhiqizo, izinto zokwakha kanye nokuqiniswa kwesakhiwo, ngaleyo ndlela amabhizinisi enza ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe.

Ukubalwa okuyisisekelo

Zonke izakhiwo zokwakha ezikhathini zaseSoviet zahlukaniswa zaba uchungechunge. Kunezinhlu zamakhemikhali ezihlanganisiwe zemikhiqizo yokhonkolo, lapho zonke izinhlobo namasayizi amabhlogo, imishayo, amapulethi akhiqizwa emafrijini ezindawo ezahlukene ahlinzekwa. Emibikweni ye-tabular, ubukhulu bazo zonke izingxenye zezinto, ubuningi babo obalwa, bulethwa. Lezi zincwadi zisengasetshenziswa njengendlela yokubheka ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, kodwa onjiniyela baqhathanisa idatha yemikhiqizo yokhonkolo nokutholakala kwemikhiqizo enjalo kubahlinzeki banamuhla.

Kunezimiso eziningana zokubala imishayo ekhonjiwe. Ubukhulu kumele buhambisane nemingcele elandelayo:

1. Ukuphakama okungenani ubude obungama-5% ubude besikhathi sokuthi ugoqwe.
2. Ububanzi bebhomu bunqunywa isilinganiso 5: 7 (ububanzi ubude).
3. Ukuqiniswa komkhiqizo kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nalolu hlelo: imigoqo emibili evela ngezansi nangaphezulu (ukuphikisa ukuhlukumeza). Ukuze ifreyimu uthathe izintambo zensimbi ngobubanzi obuyi-12-14 mm.

Ngale ndlela, ungakwazi ukunquma ubukhulu be-faam obudingekayo besigaba esithile.