Uhlelo ukuqeqeshwa Zhohovskaya: Imiphumela, ukubuyekezwa

Uhlelo lweZhokhov lwemfundo lusekelwe ekuhlangenwe nakho okude kakhulu kolwazi lwama-classic emkhakheni wezemfundo kanye nasekusetshenzisweni kwemiphumela yocwaningo lwamuva ekufundiseni, kwengqondo kanye nasezifundweni zomntwana. Ukuze kuphumelele inqubo yezemfundo, izinsiza zokufundisa zanamuhla kanye nempumelelo yezobuchwepheshe ziyasetshenziswa kabanzi. Kulesi simiso, umqondo wemfundo ubuchwepheshe obuningi bokusebenza komfundisi, indlela iqinisekisa izinga lelwazi elidingwa yizinga eliphezulu lemfundo kahulumeni.

Umlobi wesistimu uyi-methodologist onolwazi lwekhulu leminyaka, ohlonishwayo uthisha waseRussia, umbhali wezincwadi zezibalo nezincwadi - Vladimir Ivanovich Zhokhov. Wafundisa e-Institute for the Improvement of Teachers naseLenin Pedagogical Institute eMoscow. Izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-300 ezicwaninga zesayensi ezihlukahlukene emkhakheni wokufundisa zazikhishwa nguye ngokubuka izigaba zomphakathi ezithakazelisayo.

Izici zesistimu yezemfundo

Emntwaneni ngamunye, ikhono elihle linemvelo ebonakalayo, elibonakala kalula uma ubuntu bungazange buqhubekele phambili kumakhemikhali ajwayelekile akhona ezikoleni zokuqala zanamuhla. Izingane esikhathini sokuqala sokuqeqesha zihlukaniswa nomsebenzi omkhulu wezimoto, okucindezelwa uhlelo olukhona, ukuphoqelela ingane ukuba ihlale amahora amaningana ekudleni. Lokhu akuholeli nje kuphela ukulimala ohlelweni lwe-musculoskeletal, kodwa futhi kubangele ukuphazanyiswa kokuphela kwezinzwa, ukuwohloka kwezempilo.

Uhlelo lweZhokhov lwemfundo esikoleni samabanga aphansi lushintsha isitayela sobuhlobo bobuhlobo phakathi kothisha nomfundi. Isifundo esivamile ngokukhishwa kwesenzo somntwana siphenduka ekufundeni okusebenzayo, lapho isiqondiso somsebenzi sishintsha izikhathi eziningana kule nqubo. Akukho mkhuba oqinile ohlezi edeskini, izingane zihamba ngokukhululekile ekilasini, zibuze imibuzo yothisha, zixoxisane ngesisombululo sezibonelo noma imisebenzi.

Indlela evumela ukuthi bathole imiphumela ephakeme yokufunda yindlela esetshenzisiwe yokuzivocavoca, okufundiswa ezikhathini zokuhlolwa kwengqondo nezokwenyama zanamuhla. Ukunyakaza nokuzivocavoca kunika imiphumela emihle yezemfundo, njengoba kancane kancane kuthuthukisa izindawo zobuchopho, ikakhulukazi indawo efanele. Emasimini eklasini aphumule, ukubona, ukuthinta nokuzwa kuqeqeshiwe, inkulumo isuliwe ngosizo lwezokwelapha, izwi liyaqhubeka.

Ubudala bezingane

Ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokufundisa, kubonakala ukuthi esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyisithupha kuya kwengane ingane ingenisa ulwazi kanye nolwazi ngokugcwele. Ngakho-ke, amakilasi kaZhokhov athathwa ngabantwana abazoba neminyaka eyisithupha ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka wokuqala wokufunda. Ukuze wenze lokhu, zama ukubhala phansi izingane ngesikhathi sokubhalisa cishe iminyaka emihlanu nezinyanga ezingu-3-4 ubudala.

Lezi ziningi zincoma, ngokusebenza ekilasini ziyizingane eziqeqeshwe phakathi kweminyaka emihlanu kuya ku-7. Ngemuva kwalokho, isikhathi esilandelayo somsebenzi wokubheka sinqunywe ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yeminyaka engama-12, kodwa asibonakali ngokuphumelela kokwazi ukwaziswa. Umphumela omuhle wukuthi izingane kalula zihlolwa futhi imiphumela emihle iboniswa yi-GEF.

Imiqondo yabantwana nabazali

Ngaphambi kokuqala kwemfundo yengane esikoleni, abazali badlulisa izinkulumo zemininingwana yamaviki amabili echaza uhlelo lweZhokhov lwemfundo kanye nendima yokunakekelwa kwabantu abadala kule nkinga. Izincomo ziyancishiswa kwisicelo esivumayo sokungaphazamisi isinqumo somntwana sokwenza imisebenzi yasendlini. Indima yabazali iwukulawula ukuthi ngabe umfundi uqale umsebenzi wesikole. Abazali base befunde esikoleni esiphansi, futhi izindlela zabo zokuxazulula izixazululo zihlukile esikoleni samanje seZhokhov.

Imiphumela yendlela ethembisayo

Ukuphumelela kwendlela kuqondwa yiqiniso lokuthi zonke izindlela zokufundisa ziyimvelo ekuthuthukiseni izingane, zihlanganisa izinto ezingokomoya, ezengqondo, ezomzimba nezengqondo ngenxa yazo. Indlela ngayinye iklanyelwe isikhathi esithile kanye nendawo yendawo yokusetshenziswa. Ngomntwana, ukusetshenziswa kwesistimu kunika amathemba aphezulu ekuhlanganiseni okugcwele yonke imininingwane yolwazi endaweni ekhululekile:

• Izingane ziyajabula ukuya esikoleni futhi zenze umsebenzi wazo wesikole ngokwazo;
• Ukungafani kokuqala okuvela ekufundeni okujwayelekile ekuhlanganisweni kolwazi kuyabonakala ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili zokuya esikoleni;
• Ekupheleni konyaka wokuqala wezemfundo, izingane zikwazi kalula ukuthola izibalo eziyisigidi, zisebenze ngetafula lokubuyabuyelela, zifunde futhi ziqonde umbhalo ngokuqondile;
• Kukhona ukwehla kwezifo, inkambo elula yezikhukhula zonyaka, ukusheshiswa kokukhula;
• Isigaba ohlelweni lweZhokhov sibonakala ngesimo somngane, ukungabikho kokubhekana okungadingekile kwamandla kanye nokucaciswa kobuhlobo ngokulwa.

Indima yothisha endleleni entsha yokufundisa

Imfundo yeZhokhov ihlukile kulokho kunesimiso sayo samamaki, esivezwe ohlelweni lweshumi. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni ukukala, okuyisikhombisa somsebenzi wengane.

Esiklasini kukhona othisha abaye banqoba amaphethini wemfundo evamile. Ukuze usebenze ohlelweni lokuqeqesha, kwanele ukudlula inkambo yokuqeqesha usebenzisa izinto zevidiyo. Emva kwalokho, uthisha uba umqondisi wesifundo futhi, ngokuvumelana nezincomo eziqinile, uthuthukisa amasu okuthola ulwazi lomntwana. Utitjhere unikezwa ukuzimela ngokuzimela umthwalo we-semantic nesakhi sokulinganisa ukuthi ihlelo leZhokhov liqukethe. Ummeleli wothisha uzokwenza kalula umbhalo bese edlala eqenjini lezingane. Othisha abasebenza ohlelweni, okulandelayo kunikezwa:

• Izinhlelo eziningiliziwe zezifundo zebanga lesi-4;
• Ukusekela kwimodi ye-intanethi njalo ngesonto;
• Umphumela oqinisekisiwe wokuhlola ulwazi lwabafundi nge-GEF;
• Izifundo zokuqeqesha eziphambili;
• Igunya elikhulayo phakathi kwabafundi nabazali babo.

I-VI Zhokhov isistimu yezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezihlanganyelwe U-Unik wezikhulu zezikole

Uhlelo luhloselwe abafundi besikole samabanga aphansi, futhi abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi ngabe kunconywa ngokomthetho nguNgqongqoshe wezeMfundo. Itheknoloji yeZhokhov ayinayo isincomo esinjalo, kodwa, ngokubhekisela ezinchazweni ze-GEF, kuba sobala ukuthi uthisha ngamunye ukhetha indlela abheka ukuthi iyasebenza ukuthola ulwazi ngabafundi. Umthethosisekelo waseRussia uchaza ukuthi wonke umuntu uqinisekisiwe ukukhetha indlela yokufundisa. Ukugcizelelwa kokungavumeleki kwemingcele kanye nokwakhiwa kwezivimbelo emkhakheni wezemfundo ukuqeda abancintisana.

Umthetho "Emfundweni" ubhekisela ekukhethweni okukhululekile kwesistimu yezemfundo ngokusho kwezidingo zomuntu olwazini nokuzikhandla kwakhe ekufundeni isayensi. Kukhona ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okungavinjelwe, ukudala izinto ezidingekayo zokuziqhenya, ukuhlinzeka ngethuba lokukhetha imfundo yemfundo nokuqhuba imisebenzi yemfundo.

Uhlelo lokuqeqesha lukaZhokhov luqoqa izindlela ezithile zokuqeqesha ohlelweni oluvumelanayo olusebenza ngokuphumelelayo nezici eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nesigamu ezithonya ukuthuthukiswa kwezingane. Uthisha unelungelo lokukhetha uhlelo lokuqeqesha nganoma yiluphi uhlelo oluhlelekile, uma ulwazi olutholakala ngokwemiphumela luhambisana nezidingo zemfundo yanamuhla.

Umthetho ukhuthaza labo bafundisi abazakhela ngokuzimela izindlela ezintsha zokufundisa futhi banakekele umthwalo ngezinga lolwazi olutholwe abafundi. Uma izithakazelo zomsebenzi we-directorate kanye nomfundisi zingavumelani, ikhomishini ekhethekile idalwe ukulawula impikiswano evelele ngaphakathi kohlaka lomthetho. Ngakho-ke, isiphetho ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuphoqa uthisha ukuba asebenze ngendlela ethile, njengoba kungenakwenzeka futhi avimbele ukusetshenziswa kwesistimu yezemfundo ezwakalayo.

Izindlela zobuchwepheshe zesistimu

Uma ubukela izinto zokuxhumana zama-video ezitholakala ngokucacile kuba sobala ukuthi abafana abasesifundweni abahlali phansi ngokuqinile, befaka izandla zabo phezulu kwamadesiki, kodwa bancibilika emuva futhi bephoqa izandla zabo ngokukhululekile ngemuva. Lesi simo siphulukisa kancane kancane isisu somntwana. Uhlelo lukaZhokhov luvumela izingane ukuba zihambe ngokukhululekile emigqeni yothisha ngesikhathi ekilasini ukubuza umbuzo noma ukuwelula imilenze ngemva kokuhlezi. Kodwa lokhu akuphazamisi ukuzuza kolwazi, ngoba ukutadisha kuba yizokuzijabulisa okucacile futhi akudingi umzamo ngothisha noma umfundi.

Ekuqaleni kwesifundo sezibalo, izingane ziboniswa ifilimu ezithakazelisayo, okukhona okunye okuzoxoxa ngakho ngokwesayizi noma ukujula esibonelweni esilula. Isifundo ngasinye sihambisana nomculo noma ingoma, ngezinye izikhathi umdanso. Izingane zifunde ngezinhlamvu, izincazelo zefontiki azikho. Ukuthuthukiswa kwenkulumo kwenzeka ngezwi lokukhuluma, isibalo sezinto, izenzo zezibalo zenziwa engqondweni. Amaholidi ehlobo nangezimpelasonto, izingane azikwenziwe umsebenzi wesikole.

Esikhathini sohlelo lokuqeqesha akukho ukuhlukaniswa kohlelo ezifundweni ezihlukene, ubuqotho obuseduze buzobonakaliswa kwendalo yemvelo. Yonke imiqondo emehlweni abantwana inesipiliyoni sokusebenza okuqondile, isibonelo, izibalo. Emfundweni ejwayelekile yezemfundo, imithetho yamathemikhali inesithombe esivela eqinisweni.

Ukucula kuleso sifundo kuxazulula umsebenzi ophindwe kabili - kukuvumela ukuba uphumule ukukhishwa okunekhono kolwazi futhi uqondise umsebenzi we-hemispheres ezimbili zobuchopho. Yonke imiqondo engaxhunyiwe yendaba ngayinye ixhunyiwe ibe yinye kuphela ohlelweni lweZhokhov. Ukubuyekezwa kwabazali abaye bafunda izifundo zesikole kubantwana bahle. Abanye abantu bathi bona ngokwabo bayokujabulela ukufunda ngendlela eqhubekayo.

Uthisha uthola kwi-Intanethi amakilasi aseviki onke asetshenziswa ohlelweni, ubamba iqhaza eminhlanganweni emikhulu. Izimiso eziyinhloko zamakilasi zimi kanje:

• Nsuku zonke ingane ithola ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo kwengqondo nokuzivocavoca umzimba;
• Esikhathini isifundo ingoma enhle nomculo womculo kunomsindo;
• Isihloko ngasinye siphakamiso sokubona ngokusebenzisa izithombe ezibukwayo, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile;
• Umntwana ubonakala njengobuntu bokuqala obonakalayo obucacile bomlingiswa, ofanelekile ngenhlonipho;
• Ukutadisha kwanoma yiliphi incwadi liveza izinto ezidingekayo ekubunzeni isimo sokuziphatha kanye nemfundo yomuntu ngamunye;
• Amaholide avunyelwe ngokuvamile asebenza njengengqalasizinda yokuzikhulumela kwengane kanye nokudalulwa kwamakhono akhe;
• Imidwebo iboniswa ukukhombisa umhlaba wangaphakathi wezingane;
• Ekhaya naseholidini kusho ukuphumula okugcwele ngaphandle kokuphoqa okuphoqelekile;
• Uhlelo lwaklanyelwe ukuqeqeshwa kanyekanye ekilasini kusuka kubantu abayishumi nanhlanu kuya ku-45;
• Okungenani inani elilinganayo lamantombazane nabafana.

Isiyalo ekilasini

Imibuzo yesiyalo iyakhathazeka kulabo bazali abajwayelene kuphela nezisekelo eziyisisekelo ohlelweni lokufundisa. Izinkinga eziningi kubafundi emihlanganweni yabafundisi abasha. Emihlanganweni echaza isimo sezinto, abalandeli bathi uhlelo lweZhokhov lwemfundo lubeka isiyalo esizilawulayo eklasini kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala. Izingane zithatha kakhulu inqubo yokufunda ezithakazelisayo ukuthi uthisha uba ngumuntu ohloniphekile, izingane ezithembelayo futhi zilalele ngokungangabazi. Esifundweni asikho isikole esikoleni, ukuziphatha kwemvelo yengane ekilasini kwenza inqubo ibe mnandi futhi ingacabangi.

Ngokuqondene nesiyalo ekhaya, lapho senza imisebenzi, abazali kufanele badinga ukusekelwa endabeni yokwenza isikhathi sokuqalisa ngesikhathi sokuqeqesha. Esikhathini esizayo, inqubo iba isigaba sokugqugquzela isinyathelo futhi iba nesifiso sezingane. Umkhuba wesikole esikoleni uthola izibonelo zasekhaya ezilula, ngezinye izikhathi azikho ngokuphelele, ngoba esifundweni izingane zifunda inani elikhulu lempahla, ulwazi lukhunjulwa ngokujulile.

Umbono wabazali mayelana nesistimu

Abasekeli balolu hlobo lokuqeqesha bahlukumeza abazali abangenakulinganiswa ukuba bathumele ingane ukuba ifunde emakilasini ngale nqubo. U-Vladimir Ivanovich Zhokhov wasebenzisa isikhathi esiningi namandla ekwakheni uhlelo oluthatha isikhundla semfundo yobudala futhi unikeze umfundi ngempumelelo ngeminyaka yesikole. Kodwa ngisho nabazali abahlukumezayo kudingeka bacacise imininingwane yalolu hlobo lokuqeqesha. Ekufinyeleleni mahhala kaningi akukho ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nezenzo zezindlela namasu emzimbeni wengane, ubuchopho bakhe kanye ne-psychology - kuphela idatha ejwayelekile eyenziwa. Abazali abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izitatimende mayelana nemigomo yemvelo nokulondolozwa kwempilo ngokusobala akwanele, ngoba imibono enjalo isetshenziswe ohlelweni lwemfundo eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

Ngemuva kokuxoxisana nabazali embuzweni wesimiso sezemfundo kaZhokhov, kuba sobala ukuthi abantu abadala bafuna incazelo eningiliziwe. Ngisho nasezinkomfeni ezicatshangelwayo kanye nemihlangano nabamama nabazali bezabelo zokuqala zangaphambili, akunakwenzeka njalo ukuveza iqiniso. Abazali abaningi ngokwabo basebenzisa izindlela ezinjalo zezemfundo ngokuzifundela, ngaphandle kokwazi izinto eziyisisekelo zokufundisa ubuchwepheshe. Iningi lezinkinga libangelwa isiyalo, abazali abadala banamuhla bayavuma ukunikeza inkululeko izingane, njengoba kunconywa uhlelo lweZhokhov lwemfundo. Ukubuyekezwa kukhuluma ngokuhlinzekwa kwezinkululeko ezinganeni, ngoba i-psyche yabo ayithuthuki futhi iqiniswe ukuze ihlolwe kahle inkululeko eyithole.

Ukukhuluma nabazali bezingane abafundela ekilasini ngokusho kohlelo lweZhokhov, umuntu angathola umqondo wokuthi ukwephulwa kwesiyalo nokulwa kwezingane kusenzeka. Abanye obaba nomama baphoqeleka ukuthatha izingane zabo ekilasini ngalesi sizathu. Uma igunya lomfundisi wezingane linganele, khona-ke kuba nzima ukuxazulula inkinga yesiyalo. Uhlelo lukaZhokhov lokuqeqesha eMoscow luqoqe ukubuyekezwa okuningi, okungekho ngaso sonke isikhathi okuhle.

Izici ezimbi

Abagxeka abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe abufanele ngokuphelele imfundo yomndeni. Indima yabazali iyancishiswa, bayamenywa ukuba bahlanganyele nengane ngokuvumelana nesimiso esivunyelwe, ngaphandle kwalokho kungaphazamisa inqubo eqhubekayo yemfundo. Ubaba nomama bangabaphazamisa kuphela ezindabeni zokuqeqesha, futhi ilungelo labo lokudlulisela ulwazi lwabo kumntwana futhi bachaze lokho okushiwo ngolimi lwabo ngaphandle. Lesi simo senziwa uhlelo lweZhokhov lwemfundo. I-Cons, njengoba ubona, ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ayibalulekile.

Imindeni yanamuhla ngokuqiniseka iyichazela ingane yonke imibuzo emabangeni 1-4 ngaphandle kwezinkinga futhi ibona ukuvinjelwa kokuphazanyiswa okunjalo kuma-bayonethi. Ukwakheka kwengane yakho kubaningi babo kungukuqala kokuphila okuyinhloko, futhi kunganikezwa ngaphandle kwezindlela ezinzima kakhulu. Izingane zizwa ukusekelwa kwabazali bazo, njengoba, ngaphambili, ziphendukela kumama nobaba kunoma iyiphi inkinga.

Ngeshwa, ubuntu obuhle kuphela obungahle bahlele futhi babambe ngobuciko ekilasini lonke kuhlaka lwemisebenzi eheha izingane. Ngokuqinisekile umsunguli wesistimu uzizwele ngokujulile lokhu, njengoba enikeza imiyalelo yeviki yabefundisi abasebenza ngokuvumelana nendlela yakhe. Inkululeko yokukhetha uthisha incane kakhulu, ukugunyazwa kwemithetho kudalwa ngokuphindaphinda imidwebo yezinto zokwakha ividiyo noma ukulandela umqondo jikelele. Isinyathelo sothisha asamukelekile, yilokho okubangela ukuphuma okuthile kootitshala kusukela emakilasini okuqeqesha ohlelweni lweZhokhov.

Umthwalo, naphezu kwezinhlobo zezemidlalo zokuqeqesha, unikezwa izingane kakhulu. Abanye abafana emva kokuchitha usuku esikoleni babheka bekhathele. Abanye bajabule futhi kunzima ukuthuthela endaweni enokuthula ekhaya. Umphefumulo wengane awucatshangwa kakhulu ngendlela yokusebenza, umuntu omncane ucatshangelwa, kunalokho, njengomthamo, lapho ingxenye ethile yezinto zokuqeqesha ilayishwa ubuchwepheshe abathile. Izingane yinto yokuqondisa ukusetshenziselwa izindlela ezithile. Impumelelo yezingane zokufunda iyabonakala, kodwa abanye abakwa-first-graders bathola impendulo yenkinga, futhi bangaqondi ukuthi livelaphi.

Lapho uhumusha abafundi ebangeni lesihlanu ngemuva kokuthola imfundo eyisisekelo ohlelweni lweZhokhov, abanye abantu banenkinga. Abazali bakholelwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obunjalo bungafanele bwakhiwe hhayi kuphela kumakilasi aphambili, kodwa konke okulandelayo.

Ekuphetheni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kohlelo lweZhokhov akuhambisani nazo zonke abafundi. Isibonelo, izingane ezinombono ovimbekile weqiniso aziwi ezinkampanini ezinjalo. Ngokwalo, uhlelo lwemfundo yokudlala alulusha futhi lunikeza imiphumela ephumelelayo. Nika ingane ekilasini elinjalo noma uyishiye ekuqeqeshweni okujwayelekile okuvunyelwe, kuphela kubazali.