IbhizinisiUmkhakha

Uhlu izinsimbi non-ayoni: izici, isicelo

Ukuthuthukiswa impucuko ayikwazanga eyenzeke ngokushesha ngakho, uma indoda yayisigule ayitholakalanga ngendlela ukukhiqiza futhi sicubungule ngezinto ezihlukahlukene. Futhi noma ekuqaleni uphromothiwe ezitholwe ngempumelelo igolide okuyigugu zemvelo amanga ngqo phezu kwenhlabathi ke ngokushesha uhlu izinsimbi non-ayoni, okuyinto abantu wakwazi "yokulawula", phathelana kakhulu ukwandisa. I ucwaningo lokuqala isifundo eningiliziwe izakhiwo izakhi ezintsha ziye zabonisa ukuthi zonke izinto kufanele izakhiwo ezahlukene, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo izinjongo ezifana engenakwenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, elinganiselwe steel ukukhiqizwa izinqolobane eyinkimbinkimbi izici ukuthi metal non-ayoni futhi wenza ligugu futhi kuyabiza kuka black.

Uyini izinsimbi non-ayoni?

Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi izinsimbi non-ayoni - Nokho, kuyinto igolide liyigugu kakhulu, nesiliva, i-platinum, lo mbono akulungile. Okokuqala, ohlwini ngenhla ngezinto non-ayoni ngokuvamile angengene zonke lezi zinsimbi, ngoba basonta amaqembu ahlukene kokubili izakhiwo, izinqubo izindlela, futhi lokukhiqiza, ukusabalalisa kanye ku isicelo (ngaphandle luyingxenye imigexo umkhakha). ungacabanga ukuthi zonke izinsimbi non-ayoni, okuyinto zingenalo ukubunjwa yayo Fe, okusho yensimbi.

Emvelweni, kukhona inombolo omkhulu izinto, ngamunye ephethe izakhiwo eliyingqayizivele futhi ufaneleke yimpango yabo. Phakathi kunazo zonke ezaziwayo: ithusi, aluminium, titanium, i-magnesium, nickel, ithini nomthofu kuphela, i-chromium, zirconium, futhi angaphezu kweshumi nambili ka izinto ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini ewumngcingo-iphrofayli. Analogue bathola akuyona ukuthi akunakwenzeka, kodwa futhi ukudalwa izimo yokufakelwa laboratories ngokwesayensi kakhulu kuyinto zabasebenzi emuva-breaking kanye iphupho ososayensi ezivela emhlabeni wonke futhi kuwo wonke umlando. Engingakusho nje kokukhumbula imibhalo alchemical futhi ucwaningo kuchazwe imisebenzi yesayensi zeminyaka lasendulo, futhi imisebenzi zomlando, izincwadi kanye zinganekwane eziningi abangenathuba ubufakazi obuphathekayo okwesikhathi.

Umlilo, amanzi nethusi amapayipi

Ngakho yini inzuzo metal, okungezona ngaphezulu ethandwa futhi hardware eshibhile? Kungani misela ngokuvamile izimo kakhulu wagcizelela futhi lenqwaba osomabhizinisi bonke osayizi akangaphezu uqoqa imvuthuluka of izinsimbi non-ayoni? Iqiniso lokuthi lezi zinto kufanele Izakhiwo namakhemikhali esiyingqayizivele. Isikhathi esiningi, basuke libhekene plasticity okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi umsungulo, energoprovodimostyu esihle ngisho izinsimbi ukuthi abantu bayakwazi ukuthola ngempela inombolo enkulu, yilowo nalowo kubo isetshenziswa ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele.

Empeleni, hhayi zonke izinto ingasetshenziswa okumsulwa, ifomu undiluted, uhlu izinsimbi non-ayoni ukuba okuthiwa doping, inkulu kakhulu. Basuke ezixutshanisiwe ukwakha compounds entsha engasetshenziswa kule mboni isikhala, imithi nezinye ezicini eziningi zokuphila komuntu. Ngezinye izikhathi kwanele ukwenza ingxenye noma elementi insimbi kusukela eqolo futhi eyingqayizivele metal non-ayoni, kodwa ukwenza sishaye. Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali enamathela mncane kakhulu kuyoba okwanele ukufeza inhloso oyifunayo.

Zonke igolide glitters

Igolide - metal, futhi elalidume kunawo wonke phakathi anemibala. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ukuthandwa kwakhe uphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi isikhathi eside, bona ukukhokhela izimpahla, kwaba isisekelo ezihlukahlukene ubucwebe kanye ngokwengxenye enkulu kwaba uhlobo elithile womuntu inhlalakahle. Emashumini eminyaka adlule, izibalo phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili senzeka okulingana igolide, futhi manje izinqolobane igolide kwanoma iyiphi isabelomali state kube inkomba yokuthi umnotho jikelele nengcebo ngokukhethekile.

Stern igolide - metal ezingavamile, kodwa kulula ukusingatha. Inzuzo enkulu ductility Sega esihle, lapho Jewelers ukudala imihlobiso amahle izihloko ophuzi impahla. Nokho, ubunjalo encane ngegolide elihlanzekileyo, nezikhoxe kunzima kakhulu ukuthola, kulokhu, ngokuvamile wanezela izithasiselo ehlukahlukene, okuyizinto kancane ukushintsha umbala umsungulo egolide umphumela wokugcina. Uhlu izinsimbi non-ayoni wehlukile futhi okufakiwe ngalinye isetshenziselwe izinhloso ezinhlobonhlobo, izinto ezisemqoka:

  • zethusi;
  • esiliva;
  • nickel;
  • -platinum;
  • palladium;
  • zinc.

Ngayinye yalezi izinsimbi ukushintsha umbala original we indaba okuholela, okungase liluhlazana, pink, tint emhlophe. Libuye amandla metal okuxubile kubalulekile, ngoba uqobo igolide uthambile ukuze kungenziwa kalula emibi, usike ngommese, ngomzamo ngenxa, ukuluma izinyo. Zonke yalezi zindlela - indlela elula futhi ezingabizi ukuhlola ngomkhiqizo ngamunye ukuze athole ukuthi ligunyaziwe.

Ngaphezu umkhakha ubucwebe, igolide isetshenziswa chemical umkhakha, electronics, isikhala kanye izindiza isakhiwo, ukukhiqizwa uwoyela.

izinsimbi eziyigugu

Phakathi insimbi eqolo ngaphezu akuyona eqolo, kumane yesine simo isikhundla. Uhlu izinsimbi non-ayoni ngezindleko kanje (intengo esenana 1 igremu):

  • California - kusukela emaRandini ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane 500;

  • osmium-187- ayizinkulungwane 200 zamaRandi;

  • Rhodium - $ 225;

  • Platinum - $ 77;

  • igolide - $ 30;

  • osmium - $ 19;

  • Iridium -16 zamadola;

  • ruthenium - $ 15;

  • palladium - $ 14;

  • Silver - $ 0.6.

Ngezikhathi ezithile ezinye zalezi izakhi zamakhemikhali esetshenziswa njengoba injalo emsulwa, kanti futhi akubona bonke isetshenziswa ukudala yobuciko yobuciko lo othengisa sika. Kuvame Kusolwa ngokunemba yokukhiqiza izingxenye ngabanye izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi wadalula lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu noma eliphansi, amakhemikhali anamandla, njll izinsimbi Non-ayoni kuleli qembu - .. Kuyinto ngokunemba, umsebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi kodwa inzuzo, ebanjwa ezingeni wombuso noma ngenhlangano monopolistic. Imboni lempi uyaqonda imishini ephambili, imicibisholo, lapho uzama ukubuyisela izingcezu imininingwane kucutshungulwe.

isicelo

Abaningi bangase bazibuze ukuthi kungani lezi zinto ibiza kangaka. Futhi ngemva kokuqalaza wabanjwa amagremu ensimbini eyigugu, ukuthi kungenziwa emsebenzini? Impendulo ilula: ngaphandle amakhono athile kanye nemishini - lutho.

Ngokwesibonelo, palladium osetshenziselwa minting zezikhumbuzo futhi kuqoqwa, okuyinto kuyindlela yokuthola lokutshala izimali. Kodwa injongo zama-practical, isetshenziswa ukudala amadivaysi ezokwelapha. Ruthenium kuyasiza njengoba isakhi zokuhlanzwa kwamanzi kanye Uqinisa Alloys Iridium imikhiqizo okuyinto luzovezwa ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu.

Eziningi zalezi izinsimbi non-ayoni asetshenziswa njengendlela yokuthola imali kanye nokulondolozwa dolobha ngokubamba iqhaza emakethe yokuhweba njengoba iyona isitokwe Ukuhwebelana esemthethweni, kanye nokuba yezindlela ngemisebenzi shady nemizana.

Alloys zethusi

Copper - yezinto ethandwa kakhulu ekwenzeni izintambo zikagesi, amapayipi amanzi, electronics. Nanguya kakhulu refractory, umqhubi ezinhle ukushisa kanye nogesi ngesikhathi esifanayo aluqinile futhi baphonsa kabi. Ukuxazulula le ethile, metal okumsulwa sengezwe ukungcola ezihlukahlukene ezenza zethusi enamandla kakhulu. Tin, okuyinto etholakala ngenxa yalokho, ayikho ngaphansi ukugqwala nemihuzuko, sibonga izakhiwo nobukhulu bayo sibanzi kakhulu.

Enye okufakiwe evamile iyi-zinc, i-kumaphesenti athile metal kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba athole nethusi. Lokhu Ukwakheka kubaluleke kakhulu dopant okuqukethwe, ayanda okuqukethwe amaphesenti angu-okufakiwe, nzima kwensimbi, kodwa usengozini yokuthola umonakalo ezonakalisayo.

Kodwa ngokuvamile zethusi-nickel ingxubevange isetshenziswa womshini ubucwebe, i-okufakiwe inika umbala mnandi ngokwengeziwe kanye namandla we imikhiqizo.

aluminiyamu

Aluminium - ingenye ekuholeni izinsimbi non-ayoni. ithandwa kangaka kungenxa izindleko ongaphakeme zokukhiqiza, ukucutshungulwa malula futsi kalula isihlobo metal, kungenzeka usebenzisa zasebenza.

Ngokuqondene nezinye izinsimbi in aluminium oluhlanzekile ngawo fusing izithasiselo ehlukahlukene, ngaphezu, ngokwabo Alloys kungase kudingeke amasu yokukhiqiza ezahlukene zihlukaniswe naleyo kwagcizelela for ukwelashwa ukushisa, hhayi lukhuni, kukhona ehlukile, isigaba sesithathu, okuvumela thusi izingxenye ezidingekayo kanye nemikhiqizo.

Asongwe izinsimbi non-ayoni kusikisela ukuthi into emva kokwelashwa kuthatha ifomu ezindukwini ezimbili, izintambo esiphambanweni izigaba ezahlukene futhi uya khona, amashidi, amashubhu, ingots futhi bushings.

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