Ukraine: umlando nesenzakalo. Komhlaba e-Ukraine: umlando

indawo yase-Ukraine ehlala abantu kakade okungenani iminyaka engu-44,000. Pontic-iCaspian asemaqeleni Bekunjalo imicimbi ebalulekile komlando Bronze Age. Lapha kukhona yokufuduka abantu Indo-European. Esikhathini esifanayo kweBlack Sea iCaspian emaqeleni abantu walawula isimo ihhashi.

Kamuva, e-eCrimea Dnieper wahlala AmaSkithe Sarmatians. Ekugcineni, la mazwe kwakwakhiwe ngu lwamaSlav. Zasungula isimo ephakathi Kievan Rus ', eyabe isihlakazeka ekhulwini XII. Maphakathi nekhulu XIV, amazwe Ukraine zamanje yayikade ibuswa amabutho amathathu: Golden zidlamlilo, Grand Duchy of Lithuania kanye Polish Kingdom. Kamuva, insimu lahlukaniswa amandla ezifana Krymskoe Hanstvo, Rzeczpospolita, Russian Empire futhi-Austria-Hungary.

Ekhulwini XX kwakubikwa Ukraine ezimele. Umlando ukuvela lizwe iqala imizamo ukudala UPR futhi ZUNR States. Khona-ke kwamiswa Ukraine SSR zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Ekugcineni, kutimela Ukraine, kuqinisekiswa inhlolovo neyaziwayo umphakathi international ezamenyezelwa ngo-1991.

Umlando Ukraine lasendulo

Imivubukulo yembula ukuthi amaNeanderthal wahlala esenyakatho Black Sea coast kudala njengoba 43-45 yeminyaka BC. Ngo eCrimea, izinto okuqondene kromanoltsam wathola. Basuke eyalotshwa cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane 32 BC.

Ekupheleni kwe-Neolithic emazweni Ukrainian khona Trypillian isiko. Selilonke ke ifinyelele eminyakeni 4500-3000 BC.

Njengoba sekunama- ukuthoma ngesiKhathi seSimbi ngokusebenzisa emaqeleni Northern Black Sea lidlule izizwe namaDacia - okhokho baseRomania yesimanje. Khona-ke izizwe ayimizulane (Cimmerians, AmaSkithe Sarmatians) owakhiwe ezweni Ukraine. Umlando kulezi zizwe akuyona kuphela zemivubukulo, kodwa futhi kusuka emithonjeni ebhaliwe ezaziwayo. Mayelana amaSkithe okukhulunywa uHerodotus emibhalweni yakhe. AmaGreki eyasungulwa amakoloni zabo eCrimea ku BC VI leminyaka.

Khona-ke, ensimini ka-Ukraine kwafika Goths futhi le Huns. Lokhu kwenzeka ku-III-V eminyaka AD. Ngekhulu lesihlanu kwakukhona izizwe Slavic.

Ekhulwini VII emaqeleni Ukrainian kukhona isimo Bulgars. Kodwa kwasheshe waphela futhi amuncwa Khazars. Lokhu abantu abayimizulane elivela e-Asiya-Central, eyasungulwa lizwe, eyayihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yensimu - West Kazakhstan, eCaucasus, eCrimea, Don asemaqeleni kanye empumalanga ye-Ukraine. Umlando ukuvela owawuchuma the Khazar Khanate buhlobene eduze inqubo ukwakheka wekuba sive esempumalanga lwamaSlav. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isihloko Kagan babeyizikhulu lokuqala Kievan.

Kievan Rus

Umlando Ukraine siyisimo, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi abaningi, kusukela ngonyaka 882. Kulapho Kiev yanqotshwa Prince Oleg Khazars futhi yaba isikhungo endaweni enkulu yezwe. Embusweni abangashadile munye ukusula drevlyans, Ulichi, White eCroatia nezinye izizwe Slavic. Oleg yena, ngokuvumelana evelele historiography mqondo ukhishwa inyumbazane.

Ekhulwini XI Kievan Rus waba ngobukhulu endaweni isimo Europe. Ngo imithombo esentshonalanga isikhathi avame ke emazweni kuhlonzwe njengezinto Ruthenia. Igama Ukraine kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala kumadokhumenti kwekhulu XII. Kusho "onqenqemeni", "izwe".

Ekhulwini XVI, ibalazwe lokuqala Ukraine khona. On ke ngaphansi kwaleli gama enzelwe Kiev, Chernigov futhi Pereyaslavl amazwe.

Ukwamukelwa ubuKristu angawethusi Russia

I abalandeli bakaKristu bokuqala avele eCrimea okungenani ngekhulu IV. UbuKristu baba inkolo esemthethweni Kievan Rus e 988, ngesikhathi isinyathelo Vladimira Velikogo. Umbusi wokuqala isimo wabhapathizwa nogogo wakhe, Princess Olga.

Phakathi nokubusa Yaroslava Mudrogo sivunyiwe iqoqo imithetho, owaziwa ngokuthi "Russian Iqiniso". Kwaba nesikhathi namandla aphakeme zombusazwe Kievan isimo. Ngemva kokufa iphutha uJaroslav kwasani ku-epoch ahlukene Rus, ngokuvamile ephikisanayo omunye nomunye umbuso.

UVladimir Monomakh wazama ukuvuseleleka isimo eyodwa, kodwa ngekhulu XII Russia ekugcineni disintegrates. Kiev futhi Galicia-naseVolyn ubukhulu baba lawo masimu ngokukhethekile, lapho kamuva kwavela Ukraine. Umlando nesenzakalo Russia iqala ukudlondlobala kwedolobha Suzdal, okuyinto yayiyisikhungo ezombusazwe nezamasiko Russian emazweni esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga. Kamuva, inhlokodolobha lezi zindawo baba eMoscow. Ngo-ntshonalanga ubukhulu of Polotsk laliyisikhungo emhlabeni lapho kwakhiwa isizwe Belarusian.

Ngo 1240, Kiev waxoshwa ngo amaMongol kanye eside elahlekile iyiphi ithonya lezombangazwe.

Galicia-Volhynia

Umlando okuvela isimo Ukraine, ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, iqala ekhulwini XII. Ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba enyakatho ubukhulu ukuwa ngaphansi amandla zidlamlilo Golden entshonalanga ezimbili ezimele isimo Russian nenhloko-dolobha yalo e galich futhi Lodomir (manje uVladimir-naseVolyn). Ngemva izinhlangano zabo kwakhiwa Galicia-Volhynia. Ngesikhathi sesinamandla amakhulu, ifake Wallachia futhi eBessarabia futhi kwadingeka kwakungelula ukungena oLwandle Olumnyama.

Ngo 1245, uPapa Innocent IV ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele Prince Daniil Galitsky futhi wamvumela isihloko King of All Russia. Ngaleso sikhathi i-ubukhulu wahola impi enzima ngokumelene amaMongol. Ngemva kokufa Daniila Galitskogo e 1264 walandelwa esikhundleni indodana yakhe Leo, owathuthela inhlokodolobha ukuze edolobheni laseLviv. Ngokungafani noyise, eyayinesikhundla Vector zezombusazwe pro-Western, waqhubeka ukubambisana amaMongol, ngokukhethekile, wenza umfelandawonye Nogai Khan. Bekanye yakhe Tatar umbimbi Leo yahlasela iPoland. Ngo 1280, wanqoba baseHungary futhi wathatha ingxenye eTranscarpathia.

Ngemva kokufa Leo waqala kwelanga Galicia-naseVolyn ubukhulu. Ngo 1323 ekulweni amaMongol wabulala abameleli zokugcina zalesi legatsha le Rurik. Ngemva kwalokho, naseVolyn aba ngaphansi kokulawula wezikhulu Lithuanian Gedeminovichey futhi Galicia zawa ngaphansi kokubusa Polish Umqhele.

Rzeczpospolita

Ngemva Union of Lublin emazweni Ruthenian baba yingxenye yoMbuso kwezintathu yePoland. Phakathi nale nkathi, umlando Ukraine njengoba isimo iphazamisekile, kodwa kwaba ngalesi sikhathi kwakhiwa isizwe sakwa-Ukraine. Umehluko phakathi Polish amaKatolika Rusyns Orthodox, kancane kancane uholele ngokohlanga.

Cossacks

NabasePoland babenesithakazelo sivikele kwemingcele yabo empumalanga yoMbuso WaseTurkey futhi akhonze yayo. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo, it is kangcono Cossacks. Abenzi kuphela kubonise kuphangwa ka khans YaseCrimea, kodwa futhi iqhaza ezimpini Commonwealth nombuso eMoscow.

Naphezu kokuhlaselwa okukhulu Military Merit Cossacks, izicukuthwane Polish wenqaba ukunikeza nabo ukuzimela okungenani abalulekile, esikhundleni abazami ukuguqula iningi labantu Ukrainian emboniselweni. Lokhu zaholela ezingxabanweni nokuvukela.

Ekugcineni, ngo-1648 yaqala sempi eholwa Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Umlando we-Ukraine langena esigabeni esisha. Okubangelwa kwavukelwa Hetman isimo esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe amabutho amathathu: Ottoman Empire, Polish-Lithuanian Commonweath Muscovy. Kwabe sekuqala inkathi okwakungenziwa ikhuluma zezombusazwe.

Ngo-1654 Zaporozhye Cossacks wangena isivumelwano Tsar eMoscow. Poland wazama uphinde ukwazi ukulawula izindawo elahlekile ngokungena ngemvume nge Hetman Ivanom Vygovskim inkontileka. Lokhu kuye kwabangela impi phakathi Commonweath Muscovy. Yaphela ngokukhululwa ngemvume Andrusovo inkontileka Hetman suka ngaphansi okuyinto eMoscow.

Ngaphansi kokubusa koMbuso Wase-Russian futhi-Austria-Hungary

Umlando okwalandela Ukraine, ogama indawo lalihlukene phakathi kwala mazwe womabili, besihambisana nesiminyaminya ukuvelela ukwazi kazwelonke phakathi abalobi nezihlakaniphi.

Phakathi nale nkathi uMbuso Russian ekugcineni ephula Krymskoe Hanstvo futhi kuthatha phezu insimu yalo. Futhi kwenzeka izigaba ezintathu Poland. Ngenxa yalokho, iningi amazwe, ugcwale Ukraine, kuba ingxenye yeRussia. Galicia ihamba Umbusi wase-Austria.

Abaningi abalobi isiRashiya, abaculi kanye ababusi ka XVIII-XIX leminyaka babevela Ukraine. Phakathi edume kunazo - Nikolai Gogol futhi uPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Cishe kuzo zonke elite, ngokungafani Russia, kwaba Galicia kusukela Austrians nabasePoland, futhi Ruthenians Iningi abalimi.

imvuselelo kazwelonke

Ekhulwini XIX eMpumalanga Yurophu waqala inqubo imvuselelo amasiko abantu ezazingagwetshelwe amandla kwemibuso emikhulu - Austrian, Russian futhi WaseTurkey. Angazi uhlale ngaphandle kule mikhuba nase-Ukraine. Umlando ukuvela ukuhamba ngoba uzimele geqe iqala ngo-1846 ne ekusungulweni St uCyril noMethodius Brotherhood. Ilungu le nhlangano kuhlanganise imbongi Taras Shevchenko. Kamuva, leli qembu zenhlalo-yeningi futhi izinguquko, pro-ukuzimela yamazwe Ukraine.

Ngesikhathi, e-1848, e Lviv waqala umsebenzi wayo "Ephakeme Ruthenian Council" - inhlangano yokuqala zezombusazwe Western Ukraine. Nakuba Russophile wabusa futhi zisho amazwi pro-Russian e nezazi Galician.

Ngakho, umlando Ukraine yalo samanje iqala ukuzalwa amaqembu kuzwelonke ngamakhasimende phakathi kwekhulu XIX. Bakha imibono kwesimo esihlanganisiwe esizayo.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala nokuwa kwemibuso

Yikuphi kwaqala ngo-1914, i-zinqobe kuye kwaholela kokuwa monarchies omkhulu eYurophu. Izizwe amakhulu amaningi eminyaka wahlala ngaphansi kokubusa kwemibuso enamandla, sathola ithuba ukucacisa isiphetho sabo siqu.

Novemba 20, Republic 1917 Ukraine Abantu wamiswa. A 25 Januwari, 1918 ke imemezele ukuzimela kwayo okugcwele ezivela eRussia. Ngemva kwesikhashana, lapho waphula Empire Austro-Hungarian. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-November 13, Republic 1918 West Ukrainian Yabantu ezamenyezelwa. Januwari 22, 1919 labetibambile sihlangane we UPR futhi ZUNR. Nokho, umlando okuvela isimo Ukraine kwakusala kude ephelele. Amandla entsha sasiphakathi we-civil kanye nomthetho ke impi Soviet-Polish, futhi ngenxa yalokho balahlekelwa uzibuse.

SSR

Ngo-1922 idaliwe Ukraine Soviet Socialist Republic, futhi yaba ingxenye ye-USSR. Njengoba isingeniso phambi iSoviet Union iwa, ke lifaka yesibili phakathi ama-republic angu amandla abo ezomnotho baphinde ithonya lezombangazwe.

Imephu Ukraine kule nkathi liye lashintshwa izikhathi eziningana. Ngo-1939 waphindiselwa Galicia naseVolyn. Ngo-1940 - kwezinye izindawo phambi kwakungekaNkulunkulu Romania, futhi ngo-1945 - i-Uzhgorod. Ekugcineni, ngo-1954 e-Ukraine kwathiwa yayinqoba eCrimea. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Shahtinskii futhi eTaganrog izifunda bathunyelwa ngo-1924 eRussia, futhi ngo-1940 i-iMoldavian SSR wamuka Transdniestria.

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II-Ukrainian SSR waba omunye UN amazwe wokusungula. Ngokwe yokubalwa kwabantu 1989, inani labantu weRiphabhulikhi zaba abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-52.

ukuzimela

Nge ngokuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991, i-Ukraine yaba geqe. Lokhu kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe ukuvelela inhliziyo abonisa ukushisekela izwe. Januwari 21, 1990, angamaqhawe ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu Ukraine ihlelwe neketanga womuntu kusuka Kiev ukuba Lviv ekusekeleni ukuzimela. Bakhandwa amaqembu ngokusekelwe nge izikhundla zikazwelonke-yokushisekela izwe. I-Ukraine yaba owalandela zomthetho zase-USSR futhi Ukraine Yabantu Republic. I UNR uhulumeni ekudingisweni ngokusemthethweni idluliselwe amandla akhe ukuze umongameli wokuqala leonid Kravchuk.

Njengoba ubona, umlando Ukraine kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo uye wagcwala ukuhlula okukhulu, ukunqotshwa ngezinga elingakaze lifinyelelwe, izibhicongo izindaba ezinhle, sethusa futhi othakazelisayo.