Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Grand Duchy of Lithuania waqala ukuthatha ukuma enkathini izinguquko eziphawulekayo isimo ngamazwe.

Phakathi kumiswa isimo labetibambile ekunqotshweni indawo enkulu Russia amaMongol-AmaTatar. Leli qiniso sisihle, njengoba Grand Duchy of Lithuania ngaleyo ndlela wavikelwa ayehlasela ibe sempumalanga Ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo.

Kusukela engxenyeni wangekhulu le-12 yesibili, naseLithuania babehlukene beyizizwe ezimbili kwamaqembu ezinhlanga. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka ihlanganisa Lithuania engenhla (aukshtayte), owesibili - ephansi noma "Zhmud" (Zemaite).

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi naseLithuania babe sezingeni leliphasi ku kwezombusazwe ngokuthinta iMpumalanga Slavic abantu. Kancane kancane, izikhulu Lithuanian kwamanye amadolobha Russian bavunyelwa ezibhebheni. Ngemva Mindaugas (isikhulu Lithuanian) ebhubhisa izitha zakhe, kukhona "yinye". Ngalesi sikhathi-ke uqala ukwakha umnyombo wombuso omusha. Grand Duchy of Lithuania kanye Russian aqhubeka aguquka futhi abamukelayo Duke Mindaugas, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokubusa Gediminas. Nge nokubusa kwayo isimo langena endaweni ka Lithuania phezulu futhi unamathisele nalokho endaweni Black Rus (Poneman). Grand Duchy of Lithuania umjoyine futhi ezinye Turov-Pinsk futhi Polotsk umhlaba.

Inhloko-dolobha ye isimo isikhathi esithile kwaba on ensimini Russian e Novgorodok Lithuanian. Khona-ke, it washukumiseleka ukuba Vilna.

Bhekana ukwakha isimo esisha, elaqala ngowokuqala Grand Dukes yaseLithuania (Gediminas futhi Mindaugas), emva baqhubeka Algirdas futhi Kęstutis. imisebenzi Kuye ihlukaniswe phakathi kwazo. Ngakho, ukuzivikela wezwe omelene Knights walala emahlombe Keistut, Algirdas waziphatha ukuthunjwa ezindaweni Russian. Ngenxa yalokho, Grand Duchy of Lithuania umjoyine Kiev, Polotsk, naseVolyn, endaweni Chernihiv-Seversky, kanye iziketi. ngaleyo ndlela izwe Russian Old ine isimo ezizimele.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14 esimweni Polish azifinyezwanga ababusi lwamakhosi. Enyukele sobukhosi isiPolish indodakazi Louis sika Jadwiga. Ngemva wokugcotshwa, umshado u izinkontileka phakathi Jadwiga futhi Jagiello (owalandela Algirdas).

Ngemva komshado, Jagiello futhi Jadwiga Krevo inyunyana esayinwe 1385 (Union of Lithuania nasePoland). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba khona ukubhapathizwa wamaqaba Lithuania enkolweni yamaKatolika. Lokhu kuye kwaholela lube buthaka okholweni-Orthodox futhi kubhujiswe inkolo yobuqaba.

Inkathi 14-15 eminyaka imakwe nokuphikiswa yasekhaya kwakhiwa amadodana Olgerda Keistut ejwayelekile futhi amagatsha. Ngenxa yalokho, Grand Duchy of Lithuania lahlukaniswa laba ayezozibusa. Ukubusa Lithuania Vytautas nemizana (indodana Keistut).

Ngokwezazi-mlando, lesi sikhathi kwaba yizinsuku ezivelele ukuze sisetshenziswe umbuso.

Ngemva kokufa Vytautas ngenkathi ukwehla umlando Lithuania.

Ngo 1413 wayeboshiwe inyunyana horodło. Nge inqubo yayo isignesha iqala polonization ubukhulu yamaKatolika kanye nokusabalalisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yini nesiphetho Gorodelskoy inyunyana waqala ukudala preconditions i ukuhlaselwa on ensimini Russian of Poland Grand Duchy.

Imibandela adalwe kuleli zwe, nomthelela kugqashuka impi. Ngo zomlando libizwa ngokuthi "kubhikisha Svidrigaylo" (indodana ka-Algirdas). Lithuania ukuthi bahlukana baba izigaba ezimbili. Sigismund (Keistut indodana) wahlala phansi eLithuania. On the Russian emazweni wabusa Svidrigaylo. Ukuvukela kwakhe ukuthi ukuyiveza.

Ngemva kokufa Sigismund esihlalweni sobukhosi Casimir. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, emazweni Lithuanian kuhlanganiswe uyalulama ngesisekelo inqubomgomo Uniate. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlala oluyingozi kakhulu.

Casimir baqhubeka umsebenzi owamlandela - Sigismund no-Aleksandru. Ngemva kubo, ibhodi abelethwe Sigismund Awugustu. Kule mpi eqhubekayo phakathi isimo Russian naseLithuania ngo-1569 eboshwe Poland, i-Union of Lublin. Kwakubalulekile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni zomlando of naseYurophu eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga. Ngemva isiphelo sesimiso inyunyana uvele Rzeczpospolita - amandla amasha, esasihlanganisa Grand Duchy uye wakwazi ukulondoloza ukuzimela ezithile.