Umlando we-computer izizukulwane ezahlukene

Amakhompyutha lokuqala yavela ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, lapho kuvulwa zezibalo nabanye ososayensi baye bavumela ukuba uqaphele indlela entsha ukufunda ulwazi. Futhi nakuba namuhla le mishini kubonakale zobuciko eziyinqaba, baba amadlozi yomuntu yesimanje emgwaqweni PC evamile.

Manchester "UMarku mina" futhi EDSAC

I-computer yokuqala ngomqondo wesimanje kulezi izwi isibe kudivayisi "UMarku mina", wadala ngo-1949. ehlukile yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi kwaba ngama-computer ngokuphelele, futhi abasenkumbulweni yakhe ugcina hlelo. Le mpumelelo wezazi British wayengumuntu omkhulu ikhanda sokuqala wonke umlando omude wesizwe ukuthuthukiswa amakhompyutha. Manchester "UMarku mina" kufakwe Williams tube nezigubhu kazibuthe, eyasebenza njengodonga egcina idatha.

Namuhla, ngemva kweminyaka eminingi, indaba ukudalwa i-computer yokuqala ukubangela mpikiswano. umbuzo zempikiswano uhlala, onjani umshini kungenziwa ngokuthi i-computer yokuqala. Manchester "UMarku mina" uhlala version ethandwa kakhulu, nakuba zikhona ezinye contender. Omunye wabo - EDSAC. umlando ukuvela kokusungulwa njengoba ikhompyutha lwaluzokwehluka ngokuphelele ngaphandle kulo mshini. Uma "UMarku" uvele Manchester, ososayensi wadala EDSAC amabutho izifundo zami eCambridge University. Le khompyutha eyalwa ngoMeyi 1949. Khona-ke, uhlelo lokuqala wawenziwa kuso, okuyinto esakhiwe ngayo lokho esigcawini inani 0 kuya 99.

Z4

Manchester "UMarku mina" futhi EDSAC senzelwe izinhlelo ezithile. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuvela amakhompyutha isibe Z4. Not Okungenani, idivayisi efakiwe indaba okukhulu wendalo. Ikhompyutha kwadalwa unjiniyela German Konrad Zuse. Umsebenzi wokwakha lwaluqala sokugcina esiteji kweMpi Yezwe II. Leli qiniso behlisa kakhulu phansi lesi senzakalo. Laboratory Zuse labhujiswa ngesikhathi kugasela by izindiza isitha. Kanye kwalahleka yonke imishini futhi imiphumela yokuqala yomsebenzi yesikhathi eside.

Nokho unjiniyela abanamakhono akazange adikibale. Ukukhiqiza baqhubeka lapho kuqala emhlabeni. Ngo-1950, lo msebenzi eliphelele lagcina liqedwe. Eside olunameva kwaba indaba indalo yayo. Ikhompyutha Eth ngokushesha nesithakazelo. Wathenga imoto. Z4 Ochwepheshe nesithakazelo nge ngenjongo ecashile. I-computer has a izinhlelo jikelele, okungukuthi, kwaba multi-function idivayisi wokuqala walolu hlobo.

Ukuvela amakhompyutha Soviet electronic

Futhi ngo-1950, umlando amakhompyutha eSoviet Union kwaphawulwa umcimbi kubaluleke. amancane electronic Computing umshini - SECM yadalwa Kiev Institute of Electrical Engineering. Wayesebenza kuphrojekthi iqembu lososayensi Soviet eliholwa Academician Sergei Lebedev.

Idivayisi walo mshini kuhlanganisa ama-globe kagesi amawaka, anamakhulu mathandathu. obunamandla ikuvumela ukuba zilawule imisebenzi ubukade angazange art Soviet. Idivayisi yesibili babekwazi ukwenza ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezintathu imisebenzi.

onobuhle commercial

Ngo esigabeni sokuqala amakhompyutha abo ukuthuthukiswa abathintekayo ochwepheshe avela emayunivesithi noma amanye ama-ejensi kahulumeni. Ngo-1951, kwaba khona imodeli Leo mina, owenziwa inkampani utshalomali British Lyons yangasese and Company, eyayinawo zokudlela nezitolo. Njengoba sekunama-lo mlando kudivayisi lwamakhompyutha ifinyelele elinye igxathu elibalulekile. Leo ngangikujwayele ukubhekisiswa idatha commercial kuqala. Design Its yayifana isakhiwo imibono EDSAC eyandulela.

I-American computer yokuqala ukuthengisa kwaba UNIVAC I. Uvele elifanayo 1951. Ubude sekudayiswe amane nesithupha yalezi onobuhle, ukubaluleka ngamunye elisezweni ezigidi zamarandi namuhla. Omunye wabo lalisetshenziswa Census. Idivayisi lalinabashumayeli engaphezu kwemihlanu amawaka cleaner amashubhu. Njengoba abezindaba asetshenziswe emgqeni ukubambezeleka mercury. Omunye wabo angase abekelwe namagama ayinkulungwane. Enkulumweni UNIVAC mina, kwanqunywa ukuba ayiyeke le ikhadi Punch bese uya tape metallized. Ngosizo idivayisi kungenziwa uxhumeke kusistimu yesitoreji kwezohwebo.

"Umcibisholo"

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ama-computer eSoviet electronic waba nomlando wendalo. Ikhompyutha "Strela" ezavela 1953, waba ezifana idivayisi lokuqala serial e-USSR. I eseyintsha yadalwa ngesikhathi eMoscow isitshalo ezimali imishini. Iminyaka emithathu leli ukukhiqizwa amasampula eziyisishiyagalombili ayenziwa. Lezi imishini ehlukile isifakiwe ku-Academy of Sciences, eMoscow State University kanye namahhovisi design etholakala emizini avaliwe.

"Umcibisholo" engenza ayizinkulungwane 2-3 imisebenzi ngomzuzwana. Ukuze Imishini yasekhaya base ashaqisayo. Idatha egcinwe ku-tape kazibuthe, okuyinto ihlalisa amagama afinyelela ayizinkulungwane 200. Onjiniyela amadivayisi baklonyeliswa Stalin Prize. Umklami Chief Yuri Bazilevsky naye waba Hero of Socialist Labour.

Isizukulwane lwamakhompyutha yesibili

Ngo-1947 wasungula transistors. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-50-yalolucwaningo. baye esikhundleni amandla-ukudliwa nezibani olubucayi. Njengoba sekunama-transistors e umshini computer kwaqala umlando omusha wendalo. Ezamakhompiyutha uthole lezi izingxenye ezintsha kamuva waqaphela njengoba onobuhle lesibili isizukulwane. I emisha main kwakuwukuthi circuit amabhodi kunyatheliswe futhi transistors avunyelwe kakhulu ukunqinda amakhompyutha, kungani ziye zaba esisebenzayo okuningi futhi elula.

Uma phambi computer ugajwe amakamelo wonke, manje sehliselwe wacondza ehhovisi amatafula. Okunjalo isibonelo, kwaba umfuziselo we-IBM 650. Kodwa ngisho transistors awavunyelwe enye inkinga ebalulekile. Ezamakhompiyutha zazisekhona eqolo, ngenxa bekene kuphela oda kwamanyuvesi, izinkampane ezinkulu noma ohulumeni.

kwemvelo okuqhubekayo amakhompyutha

Ngo-1959, wasungula circuit ehlangene. Bona kwaphawula ukuqala isizukulwane sesithathu amakhompyutha. 1960. Babegxeka computer. ukukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwazo yokuthengisa ikhuphuke kakhulu. Ngenxa izinxenye ezintsha idivayisi babé eshibhile futhi kufinyeleleke, nakubana ezingazange ngezifiso. Eziningi zalezi amakhompyutha nathengwa yizinkampani.

Ngo-1971, Intel onjiniyela ukhululeka emakethe microprocessor wake lokuqala Intel 4004. Ngesisekelo kwesizukulwane sesine amakhompyutha yavela. Micro-izinqubo avunyelwe ezinye izingqinamba ezibalulekile ngaphambi ecasha iyiphi idivayisi kwikhompyutha. Into eyodwa ezifana wenza yonke imisebenzi okunengqondo futhi izibalo, okuyinto zabhalwa ikhodi bomdabu. Ngaphambi kwalokhu ukutholakala, lo msebenzi kwaba phezu iqoqo izakhi ezincane. Ukubukeka kuphela jikelele ingxenye kwaba kuzalwa ukuthuthukiswa amakhompyutha ezincane ekhaya.

computer

Ngo-1977, i-Apple inkampani, eyasungulwa ngo-Steve Jobs, owethulwa emhlabeni ukuze imodeli Apple II. umehluko ngisho nezinhlobo eziyisisekelo kusuka kunoma iyiphi ikhompyutha odlule kwaba iqiniso lokuthi idivayisi iyinkampani abasha California wawuhloselwe ukudayiswa ukuze izakhamuzi ezivamile. Kwaba intuthuko, kuze kube muva nje kwabonakala nje engakaze izwakale. Waqala kanjalo-ke umlando isizukulwane computer-computer abo siqu. New ziphoqa kuze kufinyelele 90. Phakathi nale nkathi, ke sekudayiswe amayunithi cishe abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisikhombisa, owawungumnyaka yerekhodi eliphelele isikhathi.

Landela Apple onobuhle abe isikhombimsebenzisi sokuqhafaza esiyingqayizivele, abasebenzisi ujwayelene ikhibhodi yesimanje kanye nezinye emisha eminingi. Zonke efanayo Stiv Dzhobs nje abawenze aziwa ikhompyutha igundane. Ngo-1984 wathi khona imodeli yakhe iphumelele kakhulu Macintosh, umkhankaso lahlukene, namuhla ekhona. okutholakele Abaningi onjiniyela Apple yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo amakhompyutha zanamuhla siqu, adalwe kuhlanganise nezinye abakhiqizi.

ngentuthuko yasekhaya

Ngenxa yokuthi bonke okwatholwa wamavukelambuso ezihlobene amakhompyutha, ezenzeka esikhathini West, umlando ekudalweni uselokhu emthunzini impumelelo angaphandle lwamakhompyutha eRussia futhi i-USSR. Kwakuhlangene yokuthi ukuthuthukiswa imishini enjalo engu-kulawulwa isimo, ngenkathi eYurophu nase-United States isinyathelo kancane kancane sekudlule ezandleni izinkampani ezizimele.

Ngo-1964 iSoviet Semiconductor computer yokuqala "Snow" futhi "Spring". Ngo-1970-yalolucwaningo. "Elbrus" amakhompyutha zasetshenziswa umkhakha ukuzivikela. Zazisetshenziswa ohlelweni anti-missile ukuzivikela futhi izikhungo enuzi.