Ukubunjwa kwama-Slavic uthi: imigomo, izimo nezizathu. Izizwe Zokuqala ZaseSlavic

Abantu baseSlavic bafika ensimini yeSifunda SeMnyama ngase-Millennium BC. Ngokushesha basungula leli zwe elikhulu. Bavelaphi, abayikhokho bethu? Izizwe zaseSlav zokuqala zavela nini? Sizobhekana nalezi zinkinga.

Umbhalo wokuqala

Ngemuva kokuba abantu baseSlavic bahlale ezindaweni zabo futhi baqala ukwakha izilimi eminyakeni yokuqala yenkulungwane BC, abancane babengaziwa ngabo. Abalando-mlando nabacwaningi ososayensi, ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obuningi, bakholelwa ukuthi okhokho bethu bafunde umhlaba omkhulu ngokwanele, kuhlanganise neBalkan neMpumalanga Yurophu.

Amarekhodi asemthethweni ezizwe, aguqulwa abe yizizwe zaseSlavic zokuqala , athathwa njengamarekhodi kusukela ekhulwini lesikhombisa emva kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Lezi zakhiwo ezinkulu zikhunjulwa ngokuhlobene nokuthi abanye abantu babonakala ezindaweni eziseduze futhi bazama ukuwachitha.

Ukubunjwa kweSlavic kuthiwa: itafula lezinkolelo zemvelaphi

Nakuba ososayensi abaningi baye bahlakulela le nkinga, imibono yabo iyafana kakhulu. Kukhona imibono emithathu kuphela echaza ukuthi i-East Slavic yokuqala yavela kanjani. Ake siwacabangele ngokuningiliziwe, futhi futhi sifunda ukuthi ngubani owamsekela kakhulu futhi wazithuthukisa lezi zimfundiso:

I

Ake sijwayelane nemfundiso evamile kakhulu. Izazi-mlando eziningi zanamuhla ezingu-80 ziyavuma ukuthi ukwakheka kwamaSlavic kwaqala nezwe ngokwalo. Kwakuyisivumelwano esikhulu sezinhlanga eziningana. Idalwe ukuze ukwazi ukuzivikela ngokumelene nazo zonke izinhlobo zezitha ezazibiza ukuthi zithande umhlaba. Inyunyana yayinezinye izinto, okungenabungozi. Izizwe, ezazibizwa ngokuthi uMbuso ngokwawo, ukuhlasela okujwayelekile okuhleliwe ezindaweni zokuhlala ezihlakazekile.

Ekubunjweni kwawo kwakuyizizwe ezazihlala ensimini yanamuhla:

• Ukuziphatha,

• AmaSerbia,

• AmaCzech,

• IsiSlovakia,

• AmaCroats.

Isikhungo salolu hlangano kwakuyidolobha okuthiwa iVišhrad. Wayemi emfuleni i Morava. Igama laleli proto-state litholwe egameni lomholi. Iyakwazi ukuhlangana ngaphansi komyalo wayo kanye ngezizwe ezincane.

Umholi wabusa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, kusukela eminyakeni engu-623 kuze kufike ku-658. Wakwazi ukufeza imiphumela emihle. Ukuhlanganisa esifundeni esisodwa izizwe ezihlukene kakhulu. Kodwa kwaba khona ukuthi wonke amandla ngokwawo ayeboshiwe kuphela yizinyathelo zomholi ngokwakhe. Ngesikhathi umholi efa, futhi sekuphelile.

UMbuso waseBulgaria

Ukwakhiwa kweSlavic kusho inqubo ende. Kwakukhona izitebe, izikhala, ubuyela esimweni sokuqala. Ngemuva kokuthi uMbuso ngokwawo uwile ngo-658, kwakukhona isikhathi eside. Kwaphazanyiswa ngo-681, lapho kukhulunywe kuqala ngombuso waseBulgaria.

Njengemfundo yangaphambilini, kwakungumhlobo wezinyunyana lapho izizwe eziphikisayo zihlangana. Ukubambisana okunjalo kwabazuzisa kubo ngokubamba amasimu amasha. Umbuso waseBulgaria wawuhlanganisa nezizwe zamaSlav namaTurkey. Kusukela ku-symbiosis enjalo, ngekhulu leshumi ubuzwe beBulgaria babuvela.

Ngekhulu le-8th-9th, ukuthuthukiswa okuphakeme kakhulu koMbuso kuwela. Khona-ke ama-Slavs abe yiqembu eliyinhloko kulezi zindawo. Amasiko, izincwadi, izakhiwo zakha. Umbuso waseBulgaria uqhuba imisebenzi esebenzayo yezempi ngokumelene neByzantium.

Ukuvela kweSlavic kuthiwa akusizi ngalutho. Umbuso waseByzantium waqhakambisa futhi waqhubekela phambili impahla yayo ekujuleni kwezwe, kepha ngokuzumayo kwavela ukumelana okunzima.

Ngesikhathi sokubusa koMbuso, uSimeyoni wayengumbusi wawo. Wakwazi ukuphindaphinda izindawo eziseLwandle Olumnyama futhi adale inhloko enkulu e-Preslav.

Ngemuva kokuba inkosi ingasekho, lezi zihloko zaqala ukulwa ngaphakathi kombuso. Wonke umuntu wayefuna ukuthatha indawo engcono yesizwe sakhe nokuningi.

Ngo-1014 umbuso waseBulgaria waphela. Eqiniswe yimpi yangaphakathi, ithola kalula ibutho le-Byzantine emperor. UBasil II, ngokuwina, waphuphuthekisa amasosha angu-15 000. Ngo-1021 inhloko-dolobha yombuso waseBulgaria uSrem yathathwa. Khona-ke uhulumeni akazange abe.

Moravia

Okulandelayo ngesikhathi sokubunjwa kwamaSlavic kwaba yi-Great Moravia. Umbuso wavela njengomzamo wokuzivikela ngokumelene nokuhlaselwa kwesitha kwezizwe zaseJalimane ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlaselwa kobudlova kwaqala ukwenzeka eYurophu. Abalimi abaningi abancane bazama ukubalekela eMoravia futhi, kanye nomphakathi wendawo, ukuhlela ukumelana okufanelekile ekuhlonipheni. Lapho sezihlakazekile, lezi zizwe zangena embusweni.

Phakathi neSvyatopolk, umbuso wawuhlanganisa iPanonia, iCzech Republic, iSlovakia ne-Lesser Poland. Njengamandla angaphambili aseSlavic, iMoravia yayingenakho ukuphatha okuphakathi. Iningi lamasimu asemnyunyana lahlala nomholi wawo noma i-tsar. Inhloko-dolobha yayinguVelehrad.

Ngo-863 amaKristu okuqala afika eMoravia kanye noCyril noMethodius. Babenethonya elinamandla ekubhalweni kulo mbuso nakuzo zonke izinhlangano zeSlavic.

I-Moravia yathuthuka ngesikhathi sokuphila nokubusa kweSvyatopolk. Lapho iNkosi ifa, umbuso waqeda naye. Lesi sici sitholakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zesendulo zamaSlav. Izindawo zangaphambili zaseMoravia zahlaselwa yiMagyars, futhi emva kwazo - amagama omama. ISlovakia yahlukaniswa eHungary, futhi iCzech Republic yaqala ukuba khona okuzimele.

Kievan Rus

Ukwakhiwa kwamaSlavic kwenzeka ezinkathini eziningana. U-Kievan Rus wayengamandla amakhulu kumazwe angaphambi kobuKristu. Kwakuhlanganisa ama-Slavs aseMpumalanga. Bumbene endaweni ehlukile ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye. Isikhungo saseKivanvan Rus sasisedolobheni laseKiev. Umlando oningiliziwe wokudalwa kombuso wachazwa ngumNestor wezincwadi eThe Tale of Bygone Years.

Izwe labhekana nokufika kobuKristu, ukuhlakazeka koMbuso waseByzantium, ukuhlasela kwabantu baseMelika, kuhlanganise namaMongol aholwa nguGenghis Khan. Ngo-1054, yayihlanganisa zonke izizwe zaseSlavic zaseMpumalanga. U-Kievan Rus wagcwala ngo-1132.

Ukubunjwa kweSlavic kuthiwa: ithebula lokuhlala kwamaSlav

Ngokwezizinda ezazihlala kuzo, amaSlav ahlukaniswa entshonalanga, empumalanga naseningizimu. Kuzo, kamuva kwakhiwa amaqembu ahlukahlukene, ngolimi lwawo, isiko, amasiko. IziSlavic zavela njengenhlangano yezizwe ezincane, ekugcineni zahlukaniswa:

Njengoba ubona, abantu baseSlavic iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-1 000 baqala ukudala izizinda zabo ezizimele. Le ndlela yayinameva, izikhathi eziningi zingaphazanyiswa, kodwa lokhu akuzange kwenzeke. Manje okhokho bethu bangaziqhayisa ngathi, ngoba amandla amanje agcina athola ukuzimela nokuqashelwa komakhelwane babo.