Imfundo:Umlando

Ukukhishwa kwe-Kiev

I-Kiev eyinhloko yomhlaba ingenye yamazwe athile akhiwe ngenxa yokuqedwa kukaKivanvan Rus. Ngemva kokufa kweNkosana i-Yaroslav ihlakaniphile phakathi nekhulu le-XI, i-princedom yaqala ukuphela futhi eminyakeni engama-30 yekhulu le-12 yaba yizimele ngokuphelele.

Insimu yayo yayihlanganisa amazwe ase-Drevlyans kanye nama-glades emfuleni iDnieper kanye nemifula yawo (iTeterevu, Pripyat, Irpeni noRosi). Kwafaka phakathi ingxenye ebhange elingakwesokunxele le-Dnieper ephikisana neKiev. Yonke lena yimihlaba yanamuhla yezifunda zaseKiev naseZhytomyr zase- Ukraine naseningizimu yeGomel esifundeni saseBelarus. Empumalanga, ubukhulu bekungaphansi kwemiphakamiso yasePhereyaslavl naseChernigov, entshonalanga yiVolodymyr-Volynskoye, eningizimu ama- steppes asePolovtsian ayibambisana kakhulu .

Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esivumayo nezwe elivundile , ezolimo zazikhuliswe ngokujulile lapha. Izakhamuzi zala mazwe zazibandakanyeka ekuzaleni izinkomo, ukuzingela, ukudoba nokufuya izinyosi. Ekuqaleni ngokwanele, okwenziwa ngobuciko kwenzeka lapha. Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile kwakuyi "drevoel", isikhumba sekhanda kanye nobumba. Izindleko zensimbi zenze ukuba kwenzeke ukuthi kuthuthukiswe umkhiqizo wensimbi.

Isici esibalulekile kwakuwukuthi ngokubaluleka kweKiev, umgwaqo "ovela kuma-Varangians kuya kumaGreki" (kusukela eByzantium kuya eBaltic Sea) wadlula. Ngakho-ke, isendlalelo esinamandla sabathengisi nabadwebi basungulwa ekuqaleni kweKiev.

Kusukela kuma-9 kuya kwele-10 leminyaka la mazwe ayeyingxenye eyinhloko yedolobha elidala laseRussia. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaVladimir, yaba yilapho eyisizinda sikaDork Duke, neKiev - isikhungo sesonto lonke elaseRussia. Nakuba isikhulu seKiev sasingasona umnikazi omkhulu kunabo bonke amazwe, kodwa kwakuyikhanda langempela lobusuku bamakhompiyutha, wayebhekwa ngokuthi "ophezulu" maqondana nezinye izikhulu. Kwakuyi-princedom yase-Old Old Russian, lapho kuzo zonke ezinye izindawo zagxila khona.

Kodwa-ke, lesi simo sasingakahle neze. Ngokushesha amazwe aseKiev yaba yinto yokulwa phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene emindeni yaseRurik. Amantombazane enamandla aseKievine kanye nenani labantu abahweba nezokuhweba nabo bajoyina umzabalazo.

Ngaphambi kuka-1139, uMonomashichi wayehlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi saseKiev: emva kukaMstislav the Great, umfowabo u-Yaropolk (1132-1139) wabusa, wabe esenguVyacheslav (1139). Ngemva kwalokhu, isihlalo sobukhosi sidluliselwa ezandleni zeChernigov eyathathwa yinkosana iVsevolod Olgovich. Ukubusa kwe-Ol'govichi kwakufushane kakhulu. Ngo-1146, amandla adluliselwa ku-Izyaslav Mstislavich (omele uMonomachich). Ngo-1154, yathathwa yigatsha laseSuzdal laseMonomashichy (u-Yuri Dolgoruky wayehlala esihlalweni sobukhosi saseKiev waze wafa ngo-1157). Khona-ke amandla aphinde aye ku-Olgovichs, futhi ngo-1159 abuyela eMstislavichs.

Kakade kusukela phakathi nekhulu le-12, ukubaluleka kwezombangazwe, okwakungaphambi kwayo kobuKyiv, kwaqala ukwehla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wahlukana waba yilokho okwenzekayo. Ngawo-1170, amaCharelnichesky, Belgorod, Trepolsk, Vyshgorod, Toric, Kanev naseDorganibuzh asekhethiwe. I-Kiev yeka ukudlala indima yezwe lamaRussia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Vladimir neGalicia-Volynskiy benza konke okusemandleni ukuze banqobe iKiev. Ngezikhathi ezithile, bayakwazi ukukwenza futhi esihlalweni sobukhosi saseKiev yizinhloko zabo.

Ngo-1240 ubukhulu beKiev bungaphansi kokubusa kweBatu. Ekuqaleni kukaDisemba, ngemuva kokuphikiswa kwezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, wabamba futhi wahlula iKiev. Ubuholi bubuhlungu, futhi ngemva kwalokho abukwazanga ukuphumula. Kusukela ngo-1240s, iKiev inokwethenjelwa ngokusemthethweni kwizikhulu zikaVladimir (u-Alexander Nevsky, ngaleso sikhathi yi-Yaroslav Yaroslavich). Ngo-1299, kusukela eKiev kuya eVladimir yathunyelwa eMnyangweni WaseMetropolitan.

Ngxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-14 ubuholi obubuthakathaka bube buthakathaka. Ngakho-ke, kwaba into yokuhlukunyezwa kweLithuania. Ngo-1362 ngaphansi kweNkosana u-Olgerdet, la mazwe abe yingxenye yeGrand Duchy yaseLithuania.

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