Imfundo:Umlando

Indawo yonke yaseRussia. Indawo ephelele yeRussia neCrimea

AmaRussia angakwazi ukubiza ngokufanele ukuthi ahlala ezweni elikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Indawo yaseRussia njengasekuqaleni kuka-2014 yayingamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyizi-17 125, okuyinto ephindwe kabili njengeCanada, ehlala endaweni yesibili. Futhi insimu enkulu kangaka yombuso wethu yenziwe kancane kancane, ngaphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka. Konke kwaqala ngochungechunge lwezindlu ezincane ezavela emgwaqweni wokuhweba ovela eScandinavia kuya eConstantinople ("kusukela kuma-Varangians kuya kumaGreki") nemizi emikhulu - i-Novgorod ne-Kiev. Indawo yemizi yaseRussia ngaleso sikhathi yayincane kakhulu.

Izibopho zezombusazwe nezomnotho zaseRussia zabe seziqondiswa kakhulu eYurophu, kodwa umbuso kwakudingeka ukwandise ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga, ngoba kwakunabantu abambalwa abakwaFinnno-Ugric abahlala lapho, okuhlangene nezizwe ezingamaSlavic ezingenayo, baqala ukwakha ama-ethnos aseRussia. Nokho, entshonalanga, kwakukhona amazwe aseYurophu lapho isibalo sabantu sasiphakeme kakhulu.

I-Nascent Rus yayinamuhla kakhulu kuneSaudi Arabia

Ngekhulu lama-10 nele-12, amaSlav aqala ukuhlakulela kanye nezindawo ekuphambeni kwe-Oka ne-Volga, lapho uKrivichi ahambela khona evela eNogorgorod naseVavatichi eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Umzila omusha wokuhweba wakhiwa eduze kweVolga, egijima eLwandle lweCaspian, futhi izikhungo ezintsha zokuthenga izitolo zavela enyakatho-mpumalanga (Ryazan, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, njll).

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-12, indawo yaseRussia (Rus) yayingamamitha ayizigidi ezingu-2,5. Amakhilomitha. Nokho, emakhulwini embalwa alandelayo ayengavumelani ukuthengwa kwezindawo, kusukela emakhulwini e-13 kuya ku-15 amaRussia ahlukaniswa yaba yizinhloko ezincane futhi anqobezwa amabutho aseMongol-Tatar, amabutho asePolish-Lithuania. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamasimu ngalesi sikhathi kwakuyisiqondiso esenyakatho kuphela (abantu babalekele lapho, basekela ama-ethnos ama-pomor ogwini olwandle lwaseBarents and White). Ngaleso sikhathi, indawo yaseRussia ingamamitha ayizigidi ezimbili kuphela. Amakhilomitha, okuyinto, noma kunjalo, amakhulu kunendawo yeMexico yanamuhla noma eSaudi Arabia (cishe eyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-1.9 ezweni ngalinye).

Indawo yaseRussia iphindwe kathathu

Ekhulwini le-14, uMongameli waseMoscow waqala ukudlala indima ekhethekile ezindaweni ezivulekile zaseRussia, ezathola i-Golden Horde ilungelo lokuqoqa intela kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kwakheka kancane kancane kwamandla futhi ngo-1380 wanqoba ukunqoba kokuqala phezu kwamaMongol-Tatars. Ngokuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezikhona zajoyina i-Great Ustyug, iTula, iRzhev, i-Nizhny Novgorod, futhi ukunqoba emfuleni i-Ugra ngo-1480 kwakhulula amazwe aseRashiya kusukela ekuthembekeni kweHorde futhi yanika ithuba lokunyuka empumalanga.

Lapho efika emandleni, u-Ivan the Terrible wathinta i-Astrakhan neKazan khanates ukuya eMoscow, futhi ezama ukunyuka ngasentshonalanga ngekhulu le-14 nele-17 lahluleka. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, ukuthuthukiswa okunokuthula kweSiberia ne-Urals kuqala, abahlali baseRashiya bafika ogwini lolwandle lwase-Okhotsk, bakha amadolobha kulo lonke umuzi futhi bahlela ama-furs. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, indawo yaseRussia ingamamitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-7. I-Km.

Ukubunjwa koMbuso waseRussia

Ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili nantathu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalolunye, ukubunjwa koMbuso waseRussia kwaqala, lapho iBhange Left yase-Ukraine liphuma eRech Pospolita futhi yaba yingxenye yalokho okwakuyiRussia ngaleso sikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uPetru Omkhulu "wawela ngefasitela waya eYurophu", wathatha izindawo zase-Estonia neLatvia zanamuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho i -Commonwealth ihlukanisa umbuso waseRussia, iBelarus, iLithuania ne-Right Bank yase-Ukraine basuka. Empumalanga, kungenzeka ukunqoba amathafa ama-Azov nowaseMnyama ama-Ottomans, futhi entshonalanga - ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalolunye ukuhlanganisa i-Finland. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalesi sikhathi i-Bessarabia yayinamathiselwe. Indawo ephelele yombuso waseRussia ekupheleni kwenkathi engenhla yayiyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-16. Amakhilomitha.

Indawo yombuso waseRussia yafinyelela kumamitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-24. Amakhilomitha

Omunye cishe amamitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-8. Amakhilomitha (kuze kube ngamakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-24), indawo yaseRussia yanda ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ngenxa yokungena kweGeorgia ne-Armenia (ngokucela kwabaphathi balezi zindawo), amazwe amaningi eNyakatho yeCaucasia, ukufakwa ngokuzithandela cishe kuwo wonke amazwe aseKazakh, amazwe aseKyrgyz. Umbuso wamaKhiva noBukhan wawuhlanganiswa eMbusweni waseRussia ngenxa yezimpi, ne-Alaska (kamuva eyathengiswa eMelika ngo-1867), Primorye kanye noMasipala wase-Amur, ngokulandelana kokuthula.

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili lamakhulu

Izimpi eziningi kanye nokuguqulwa kwekhulu lama-20 zashintsha njalo imephu yezombusazwe yaseRussia, lapho lezo zindawo noma ezinye izindawo zavela khona noma zaphela. Ngokwesibonelo, iFinland, eyasayina ukuzimela eMbusweni waseRussia ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka lamashumi amabili, idlulisela ingxenye yezindawo (iVivborg nezindawo ezizungezile) emuva emiphumeleni yeMpi Yezwe II, njll. ISoviet Union, eyakhiwa ezindaweni zangaphambili zoMbuso waseRussia ngenkathi yokulwa kwempi, yayinendimu evamile Ezingu-22.4 million km futhi azenzanga noma yiziphi izenzo ezinkulu zokushintsha insimu, ngaphandle kokudluliswa kwangaphakathi kweCrimea kusukela e-RSFSR kuya e-Ukraine SSR ngo-1954.

Ukuwa kwe-USSR nokubuya kweCrimea kuya eRussia

Cishe amakhilomitha angu-17 000 amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-125 - yilokho okwenzeka khona eRussia ngemuva kokuwa kweSoviet Union nokuhlukaniswa kwama-republic angu-15. Kumele kukhunjulwe, kodwa, ukuthi izindawo eziseningizimu ezinesimo sezulu ezihle kakhulu zahlukaniswa, kanti insimu yeRussia yanamuhla ihlanganisa amazwe amakhulu ne-permafrost, lapho kunezimo zemvelo ezinzima kakhulu ukuze abantu baphile. Ngakho-ke, inani labantu baseRussia Federation, abalingana babo abaphakathi kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-8 kwikhilomitha lesikwele. I-Km., Ihlukaniswe ngokungalingani-iningi layo ligxilwe engxenyeni yaseYurophu yezwe, lapho kubonakala khona inani eliphakeme labantu abangu-4,6,000 ngekhilomitha elilodwa. I-Km. - eMoscow, kuyilapho iChukotka engadluli abantu abangu-0.07 endaweni efanayo.

Ngo-Mashi 2014, ngenxa yentando yabakhileyo eCrimea, le nsimu yabuyela ekubunjweni kwezwe lethu ngesimo sezulu esihle kakhulu, futhi indawo yaseRussia neCrimea yaba ngamamitha angu-17 151,000 square. Amakhilomitha, kuhlanganise nendawo yesifunda saseCrimean Federal - cishe ngamamitha ayizigidi ezingu-26.9. I-Km.

Iningi labantu baseRussia lihlala emadolobheni

Kwakukhona indawo enkulu eRussia eyayigcwele amahlathi, futhi phakathi nenkathi yeSoviet, ukuphangwa kwemithombo yemvelo kwakungavunyelwe, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR, cishe amaphesenti angama-46 emapheshana aseHussia ayengenasithakazelo. Namuhla lesi sibalo sincane kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, indawo yaseRussia (neCrimea) yindawo ecebile ngamaminerali ahlukene, enezimbali ezinhle, imfuyo, imithombo yamanzi nezindawo zobuhle ezingavamile. Esikhathini se-post-Soviet, abantu basezindaweni zasemaphandleni, ngenxa yokuwa kwamapulazi aqoqiwe kanye nokuntuleka komsebenzi, badonsela emadolobheni lapho namuhla kuze kube ngu-77% inani labantu baseRussia abahlala kulo. Indawo yonke yemizi yaseRussia ayisungulwa. Kuyaziwa kuphela ukuthi ama-megacities anendawo yamamitha ayi-square square. I-Km neyengeziwe e-Russian Federation kusukela entwasahlobo ka-2014 kunamayunithi angaphezu kwangu-120, kufaka phakathi iMoscow enezindawo ezingama-2550 square. I-Km, iVolgograd - cishe ngamamitha ayi-860 square. I-Km, iSt. Petersburg - cishe ngamamitha ayi-1440 square. I-Km. Futhi abanye.

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