Uthi Slavic. Ukwakheka uthi Slavic. Amafulegi uthi Slavic

Umlando uthi umbuso wokuqala Slavic sekukhona esikhathini, sangomhla V leminyaka BC. Ngalesi sikhathi, lwamaSlav bathuthela le loMfula Dnieper. Kukulo muzi lapho bona zahlukaniswa amagatsha amabili zomlando: Eastern futhi Balkan. izizwe Eastern ixazululwe kanye Dnieper kanye Balkans - baye matasa iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan. uthi Slavic emhlabeni namuhla hlala insimu enkulu eYurophu nase-Asia. Abantu abakhe kuwo, kuthiwa ayisasebenzi efana nomunye, kodwa ezivame izimpande ebonakalayo kukho konke - kusuka emasikweni nelulwimi eside enjalo okwamanje imfashini, njengoba isimo sengqondo.

Umbuzo ka okuvela wekuba sive phakathi lwamaSlav iminyaka eminingi ekujabulisayo ososayensi. Beka phambili eziningi mbono ngamunye okungenzeka kufanele lube logic. Kodwa ukwenza le umbono, kubalulekile ukuba bajwayelane okungenani eziyisisekelo.

Njengoba kwavela isimo kusukela lwamaSlav: ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi Varangians

Uma sikhuluma umlando we wekuba sive lwamaSlav lasendulo kulezi zindawo, ososayensi ngokuvamile ancike eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma eziningana, okuyinto Ngithanda cabanga. Inguqulo evamile manje ukuthi lapho isimo kuqala Slavic, ubhekwa Norman noma theory Varangian. Kuvele ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII eJalimane. Abasunguli futhi inspirers ngemibono babe ososayensi ababili German: Theophilus Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738) kanye Gerhard Friedrich Müller (1705-1783).

Ngokombono wabo, umlando uthi Slavic noma Norman elisuka Nordic. Lesi siphetho pundits benza, balitadishisise le "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" - lo opus lasendulo adalwe monk Nestor. Kukhona ngempela isixhumanisi, sangomhla 862, ngonyaka, iqiniso lokuthi lasendulo izizwe Slavic (krivichi, Chud futhi Slovenes) ngokuthi emazweni awo ku nokubusa Varangian izikhulu. Ngokusobala, ukhathele engapheli internecine ngokuxabana isitha ekuhlaselweni ngaphandle, izizwe ezimbalwa Slavic wanquma zibuswe kobuholi Normans, babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli ngaleso sikhathi elitheni futhi kuphumelele eYurophu.

Ezinsukwini ubudala in the ukuthuthukiswa yimuphi umphakathi imfundo wezempi isipiliyoni sobuholi bakhe into eyayisemqoka kakhulu kwakuwukwenza ephakeme kunaleyo kwezomnotho. Futhi amandla kanye nakho namaqaba enyakatho akungabazeki. ukulwa amabutho abo atheleka cishe zonke izingxenye owakhiwe yeYurophu. Mhlawumbe, ngokusekelwe impumelelo ngokuyinhloko lempi, ngokuvumelana Norman theory, lwamaSlav lasendulo base benquma ukumema ukuba kombuso Varangian izikhulu.

By endleleni, igama ngokwayo - Russia, kusolakala ukuthi alethwe ncamashi Norman izikhulu. Nestor umlobi wezenzakalo leli phuzu ngempela ngokucacile emgqeni "... futhi ithole abazalwane abathathu nge ngokwensapho zabo, futhi naye wathatha zonke Rus '. Nokho, izwi lokugcina kulo mongo, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando eziningi, limelela ngaphezulu lokulwa squad, ngamanye amagama - wezempi okhokhelwayo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi abaholi Norman, njengoba umthetho, kwakukhona ngokwahlukana ocacile phakathi civil nakwezempi lamabutho ekuqaleni elididiyelayo ngezinye izikhathi ngokuthi "Kirche". Ngamanye amazwi, kungaba bazitshela ukuthi izikhulu ezintathu baya ezweni lwamaSlav, asigcini nje ngokulalela okushiwoyo lokulwa squads, kodwa futhi nemindeni ephezulu grade. Njengoba e esiku impi patrol izelamani eziyisikhombisa ngeke, ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo, kuyacaca isimo lomcimbi. Norman izikhulu zezizwe Wamukele isicelo sina konke okusemandleni futhi osungulwe ekuqaleni uthi Slavic.

"Lapho kuhambile ezweni Russian"

Omunye umbono ezithakazelisayo wukuthi lo mqondo "amaViking" kwasho eRussia lasendulo kwaba lempi okhokhelwayo. Lokhu kufakazela waphinda yokuthi lwamaSlav lasendulo ukugembula ncamashi kwabaholi elihlomile. Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela ososayensi isiJalimane, okuyinto esekelwe encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla Nestor, isikhulu Varangian wahlala eduze Lake Ladoga, kanti eyesibili ixazululwe loMfula White Lake, eyesithathu - e Izoborsk. Ngemva lezi zenzo, ngokuvumelana umlobi wezenzakalo, futhi kwakhiwa ngaphambi uthi Slavic, nezwe bebonke yaziwa ngokuthi izwe Russian.

Enabileko indaba yakhe Nestor ulandisa legend of okuvela kuyo umkhaya okwalandela wobukhosi Rurik. Kwaba Rurik, ababusi Slavic izifundazwe kanye ka-edume kakhulu izikhulu ezintathu. Lemisebenti ingaphindze chasiselwe "kwabaholi bezombangazwe elite" uthi lokuqala lasendulo lwesiSlavic. Ngemva kokufa ngenxa yezimo ezithile "ekusungulweni Ubaba", amandla lidlule elilandelayo wakhe isihlobo, u-Oleg, abathi ngokujwayela izingobe nokufumbathisa yanqoba Kiev, bese bajoyine amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Russia kwisimo esisodwa. Ngokusho Nestor sika kwenzeka ngonyaka ka th 882. Njengoba singabona kusukela irekhodi, ukwakheka isimo kwakubangelwa yimpumelelo "ukulawula yangaphandle" amaViking.

Russian - ubani lo?

Nokho, ososayensi basaqhubeka bebaphikisana ngani nobuzwe sangempela sabantu ngakho okuthiwa. Norman theory labo abanamathela bakholelwa ukuthi igama elithi "Rus 'yavela izwi Finnish" ruotsi ", lapho Finns shayela abaseSweden ekhulwini IX. Abathandwayo futhi yokuthi iningi amanxusa Russian ababe eByzantium ayenamagama zaseScandinavia: Charles, Iengeld, Farlof, Veremund. La magama aye alotshwa kulo izivumelwano ne woMbuso WaseByzantium, eyalotshwa cishe eminyakeni 911- 944. Izinduna lokuqala eRussia ayehlaselwa amagama luyingxenye zaseScandinavia - Igor, u-Olga, Rurik.

Omunye agumenti ezimbi kakhulu esivuna Norman imfundiso yokuziphendukela yini isimo Slavic, ubhekwa ukubhekisela Russian eWestern "zemihla Bertinskih." Kukhona ngokukhethekile kuqashelwe ukuthi engu-839 umbusi WaseByzantium wathumela amanxusa ku uzakwabo Frankish Louis I. Ithimba kuhlanganisiwe abameleli "abantu bakhula." Iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi Louis the abangcwele isinqumo sokuthi "Russia" - kuba abaseSweden.

Esikhathini 950 ngonyaka yesi uMbusi waseByzantium Konstantin Bagryanorodny , encwadini yakhe ethi "Ngo ukuphathwa Empire," esho amagama adumile Dnieper Rapids kukhona kuphela izimpande zaseScandinavia. Ekugcineni, abahambi eziningi Muslim zokuma kwendawo e opuses yabo okuqondene IX-X eminyaka, ngokucacile ehlukile "imikhakha" lwamaSlav "Sakaliba". Zonke lezi amaqiniso, baqoqana, sisizwa usosayensi German ukwakha okuthiwa Norman unokuthile akucabangayo mayelana nokuthi indlela noma yimuphi uthi Slavic.

ithiyori Patriotic ngemvelaphi isimo

I ideologist main kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela yesibili usosayensi Russian Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. ithiyori lenqaba umsuka isimo ubizwa nangokuthi "theory autochthonous." Ukutadisha theory Norman, Lomonosov wabona asiphumelelanga kuzo umcabango ososayensi German lamayelana nekwehluleka lwamaSlav ngokuzilimaza inhlangano, elaliholela ukulawula zangaphandle esuka eYurophu. A Patriot kweqiniso, MV Lomonosov wangabaza lonke theory, kokunquma ukufunda imfumbe zomlando yena. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwakheka okuthiwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela lenqaba umsuka isimo, esekelwe uyaphika ephelele "Norman".

Ngakho, iziphi counter main okwasiza abavikeli lwamaSlav? I-agumenti eyinhloko Ebhala ngokugomela kokuthi igama "Rus" is etymologically ayihlobene ne Novgorod lasendulo noma nge Ladoga. Libhekisela, kunalokho, ukuze Ukraine (ikakhulukazi, Ephakathi Dnieper). Njengoba ubufakazi angamagama amadamu akhiwe endaweni lasendulo - Ros, Roos, Rostavitsa. Ukutadisha YaseSiriya "Ecclesiastical History," lihunyushwe Zachary rhetorician, Slavic theory labo abanamathela uthole kukhulunywa ngabantu okuthiwa Hros noma "Rus". Lezi izizwe ixazululwe nje eningizimu Kiev. Umbhalo wesandla yadalwa 555, ngonyaka. Ngamanye amazwi, izenzakalo elichazwa kulo, kube okwesikhathi eside ngaphambi zaseScandinavia.

Enye sina esiphikisayo agumenti kubhekwa futhi akukhulunywa lutho eRussia le milando amaNorseman lasendulo. Bona anqwabeleka impela eningi, futhi, eqinisweni, kusekelwe wonke temdzabu uhlanga amazwe esimanje zaseScandinavia. Kunzima ukuba uvumelana nezitatimende walabo mlando abathi okungenani engxenyeni yokuqala ye milando zomlando yesikhashana kumele abe Ukusabalala ubuncane lezo zenzakalo. amagama zaseScandinavia amanxusa, abathembela abasekeli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Norman, futhi, eziyikhulu amaphesenti musa ucacise ubuzwe we abanikazi. Ngokwezazi-mlando, izihambeli Swedish zazingasameleli kahle izikhulu Russian emazweni akude.

Ukugxekwa Norman theory

Anginasiqiniseko nokubika isimo Scandinavians. Iqiniso lokuthi esikhathini embuzweni, lithi zaseScandinavia njengoba enjalo wayengekho. Leli qiniso kubangela linani lelifanele zokungabaza ukuthi amaViking - kuba ababusi lokuqala uthi Slavic. Cishe, akunakwenzeka ukuba izivakashi abaholi zaseScandinavia, ngaphandle kokuhlola ukwakhiwa kwamandla ayo, sizohlela okuthile kwamanye amazwe.

Academician Boris Rybakov, ukhuluma ngani umsuka theory Norman, waveza umbono wakhe mayelana zamakhono jikelele mlando ababuthakathaka wesimanje, ngubani owakholwa, isibonelo, ukuthi ukwedlulela izizwe eziningana kwamanye amazwe kudala preconditions sokuthuthukisa isimo, futhi amashumi athile eminyaka. Eqinisweni, inqubo kwetinhlavu kanye wekuba sive ingahlala eminyaka. The main isisekelo zomlando eziphase mlando isiJalimane, unesifo ezinganembile ngempela eziyinqaba.

uthi Slavic, ngokuvumelana Nestor Umlobi womlando, kwakhiwa zizathu amashumi eminyaka. Wayevame lilinganisa abasunguli namandla, esikhundleni umqondo. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ukungafani okunjalo zichazwe ukucabanga lasezinganekwaneni Nestor. Ngakho-ke incazelo categorical of indaba yakhe kuyangabazeka kakhulu.

A ezihlukahlukene-mbono

Omunye umbono esiphawulekayo ukuvela wekuba sive e Rus lasendulo lalibizwa ngokuthi Iranian-Slavic. Ngokusho kwakhe, ngesikhathi kumiswa uthi lokuqala kwakukhona ingatsha ezimbili lwamaSlav. Omunye, elibizwa ngokuthi Rus-Obodrits noma rugi, ngemva kwalokho waphila amazwe uthi zamanje. Enye bahlala endaweni Black Sea wathatha ivelaphi ezizweni zakwa Iranian futhi Slavic. Kuhlangane zalezi "izinguqulo" ezimbili kubantu njengakho tiyori, kuzodala isimo esisodwa Slavic Rus.

hypothesis abathandwayo, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukhushuliwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela ezihlongozwayo Academician ka NASU V Sklyarenko. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo Novgorodians badlulisela icala Varangians-Balts, okuyinto nabizelwa le Rus noma Ruthenium. Igama elithi "Ruthenians" livela kubantu, sezizwe zakwa Celtic, waba nengxenye ekwakhekeni kweNhlangano uhlanga Slavic esiqhingini Rügen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvumelana academician, ngokucophelela isikhathi sase sikhona kakade Black Sea Slavic izizwe, ozalo babe Zaporozhye Cossacks. Lo mbono libizwa - Celtic-Slavic.

Sesha ukusilela

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile kukhona ukudela okuthile kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela we Slavic isimo kumiswa. Kuyinto kule nguqulo ezihlongozwayo mlando Russian V Klyuchevskii. Ngokusho kwakhe, uthi Slavic kwakungamadodana umzana onezivikelo eziqinile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuthi sabeka isisekelo izinhlangano kwezohwebo, izimboni kanye zezombusazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi-mlando, kwakukhona "ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni" lonke, okuyizinto uthi encane.

ifomu Okwesibili zezombusazwe kanye nesimo ngesikhathi ababeletha nenkani kakhulu Norman ubukhulu, okukhulunywe ngayo imfundiso yokuziphendukela Norman. Ngokusho Kliuchevskoi, okungukuthi nokuhlanganiswa conglomerates ezisemadolobheni ezinamandla nendlela lempi amaViking kuholele kumiswa uthi Slavic (izingcingo 6 grade esikoleni lokhu isimo Kievan Rus '). Lo mbono, okuyinto waphikelela mlando Ukrainian A. Efimenko futhi I. Krypiakevych, ngokuthi Slavic-Varangian. It is kancane ukubuyisana abameleli Orthodox zombili izinkomba.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, Academician Vernadsky futhi bangabaza Norman umsuka lwamaSlav. Ngokusho kwakhe, ukwakheka uthi Slavic zezizwe empumalanga kufanele kubhekwe ku "Rus" - lo Kuban yesimanje. Academician babekholelwa ukuthi lwamaSlav ithole leli gama kusukela gama lasendulo "Roksolana" noma ukukhanya Alans. Ngo-60-yalolucwaningo ka umvubukuli Ukrainian XX leminyaka DT Berezovets aphakanyisiwe ucabangela Russ Alanian labantu Pallets. Namuhla, kuyinto lo mbono nayo ucabangela nesi-Ukraine Academy of Sciences.

Alikho iqembu enjalo yobuhlanga - lwamaSlav

Uprofesa American O.Pritsak ezihlongozwayo inguqulo ehlukile ngokuphelele ngalokho isimo Slavic, futhi yini - akukho. It is hhayi ngokusekelwe yimiphi imicabango ngenhla futhi inezidingo osekelwe kuyo okunengqondo. Ngokusho Pritsak, amaSlav njengoba enjalo zazingekho ngezizathu ezinhlanga nezizwe. Izwe kwamiswa lapho Kievan Rus, bekulokhu zemigwaqo ezohwebo kanye commercial imizila phakathi East and West. abantu ababehlala kulezi zindawo babe uhlobo iqhawe-abathengisi onikele yezokuphepha ye-trade mahele abanye abahwebi, futhi ayenendawo endleleni impahla yakhe.

Ngamanye amazwi, umlando we Slavic ithi esekelwe ezinye ukuhweba nakwezempi umphakathi izithakazelo abamele zezizwe ezihlukahlukene. Kuyinto ukuhlanganiswa kwezici abantu abayimizulane kanye pirates kwaba kamuva isisekelo ngokobuhlanga isimo esizayo. Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu ithiyori impikiswano, ikakhulukazi uma ucabangela ukuthi uye phambili usosayensi wawuhlala emaphandleni, omlando wakhe uya emuva ngokulambisa engu-200.

Ngokumelene nayo zayigxeka kakhulu le midanti mlando eziningi Russian futhi Ukraine, ogama lakhe ngisho jarred ngokwayo - "iVolga -. Khanate Russian" Ngokwe-Americans, kwaba kumiswa lokuqala Slavic uthi (Libanga 6 neze has ngijwayele umbono impikiswano ezinjalo). Noma kunjalo, wayenesifiso unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa akhona futhi ngokuthi Khazar.

Mfushane Kievan Rus

Ngemva kokubukeza zonke lezi zinkolelo-mbono kuyacaca ukuthi sina umbuso wokuqala Slavic ukuthi Kievan Rus kwakhiwa emhlabeni ekhulwini IX. Ukwakheka kwalo mbuso senzeka ngezigaba. Ukuze 882 eminyakeni iyahlanganiswa uphinde uhlangane ngaphansi olulodwa igunya glades Drevlyane, amazwi, dregovechey futhi Polotsk. I Union lamazwe Slavic kuphawulwa nokuhlanganiswa Kiev futhi Novgorod.

Ngemva ekuthatheni amandla e Kiev, Oleg waqala wesibili, ekuqaleni esiteji izinduna yentuthuko Kievan Rus. Kuthatha uxhumano asebenzayo izindawo ezazingaziwa. Ngakho, ngo-981, isimo enwetshiwe yi emazweni aseMpumalanga Slav kuze kube San emfuleni. I 992-m kuye kwanqotshwa namazwe Croatian elele kokubili emithambekeni ye Carpathians. Ngu 1054 amandla Kiev liye lasakazekela cishe zonke izizwe Eastern Slavic, futhi lo muzi ngokwawo waziwa ngo "unina amadolobha Russian."

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kakade engxenyeni kwekhulu XI yesibili, isimo saqala iba yingxenye yomhlabathi ku principalities ehlukile. Nokho, lesi sikhathi akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside, futhi phambi ingozi ezivamile Njengoba uzibhekile lezi Amathrendi Polovtsian kumisiwe. Kodwa kamuva, ngenxa lenyuka izikhungo izinduna nokukhuphula amandla ukulwa yezikhulu, Kievan Rus namanje uwela fiefdoms. Ngo 1132 kwaqala inkathi ka kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo. Eziyimbangela yalokhu, njengoba sazi, kwakukhona kuze kube Ukubhapathizwa Zonke Russia. Umqondo womuntu oyedwa isimo esisodwa usuthandwa ke.

Umfanekiso uthi Slavic

Modern uthi Slavic zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ziyakwazi ovelele, ngokungagcini nje ngokubashumayeza ubuzwe noma ulimi, kodwa futhi inqubomgomo kahulumeni, kanye nezinga ukushisekela ubuzwe, futhi ngezinga ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. Noma kunjalo, lwamaSlav kulula ukuqonda nomunye - namanje ashiye izimpande mists isikhathi yakha isimo sengqondo esifanayo ophika bonke ososayensi eyaziwa "okunengqondo", kodwa lapho ngokuqiniseka athi zezenhlalo nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo.

Phela, ngisho noma sicabanga amafulegi kwamazwe Slavic, ungabona njalo ezithile futhi ukufana kwamazwi palette umbala. Kukhona into enjalo - Pan-Slavic imibala. Ngokokuqala ngqá ukhuluma ngabo ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX ngesikhathi Okokuqala Slavic Congress ePrague. Abasekeli umqondo ubunye kuzo zonke lwamaSlav othile wacela ukusithatha tricolor ngemivimbo alinganayo ovundlile eluhlaza, ezimhlophe futhi zibomvu njengoba phansi ifulegi layo njengophawu. Rumour ukuthi imodeli wakhonza njengephayona banner ye-Russian yomthengisi imikhumbi. Ngakho noma ngabe empeleni - kunzima kakhulu ukufakazela, kodwa amafulegi lamazwe zesiSlavic ngokuvamile ebonakala ngisho nasemininingwaneni emincane, hhayi imibala.