Ukubusa kukaVladimir Monomakh. Imiphumela yokubusa kukaVladimir Monomakh

Ukubusa kukaVladimir Monomakh kwenzeka ngo-1112-1125. E-Kiev isikhulu wahlala phansi, eneminyaka engu-60 ubudala, efundisiwe futhi ehlakaniphile. Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe iminyaka yokubusa kwakhe ibhekwa njengcono kakhulu kuhulumeni waseRussia Old.

Omunye weRurik

Umzukulu kaJaroslav the Wise, indodana ethandekayo yeGrand Prince of Kiev Vsevolod kanye nenkosana yaseByzantine u-Anna (indodakazi kaConstantinople umbusi uConstantine Monomakh) wazalwa ngo-1053. Emva kokuvuthwa wayengumsekeli kababa kukho konke. Ngokwemvelo, uVsevolod wabiza isihlalo sobukhosi saseKiev kuye. Kodwa ngokuzonda ukuxabana kwe-internecine, uVladimir washiya i-Grand Duchy enxusa umzala wakhe uSvyatopolk II Izyaslavich, njengoba uyise kaVonvolod waseMonomakh ethatha isihlalo sobukhosi saseKiev ngemuva kokuxoshwa komfowabo u-Izyaslav. I-Kievans ayithandi ngempela uSvyatopolk nomngane wakhe, ikakhulukazi ebuhlotsheni bayo namaPolvvista nokuthi iqiniso lokuthi yena naye uzuze inzuzo engakaze ibe khona ngaphambili.

Uhlakaniphile futhi uyathandwa

Ngokushesha ngemva kokufa kweNkosana yaseKiev, uMonomakh wathunyelwa isimemo kuGrand Duchy, kodwa akazange agijime enhloko-dolobha, ngoba wayengafuni ukwephula ukulandelana kwesihlalo sobukhosi, ngoba wayekholelwa ukuthi iSvyatopolk kufanele ilawulwe u-Oleg Seversky, noma uDavid Chernigovsky, noma u-Yaroslav Muromsky - bonke Izizukulwane zeSvyatoslav. Ukuphuza kwakhe kwasetshenziswa ama-Kievites, ehlushwa ukucindezelwa okukhulu kwamaJuda, futhi kwaba nokuvukela edolobheni, kuhambisane nemigomo. Futhi isithunywa sathunyelwa eMonomakh. Ngalesi sikhathi akazange akhathaze. EVladimir (igama lakhe lesonto laliyiVasily) naphambi kwesihlalo sobukhosi saseKiev, inkazimulo yomlindi wokuthula, umnqobi wamaPolvvusi (waphetha izivumelwano ezingu-19 zokuthula) kanye nomunye wabantu baseRussia (amadodana akhe ahlala emizini emikhulu yaseNovgorod, uSmolensk noRostov, noRostislav Iphinda i-Pereyaslavl).

Isiqalo esihle

Ukubusa kukaVladimir Monomakh kunoma yimuphi umuzi - uSomolensk 1073-1078, uChernigov 1078-1094, iPereyaslavl 1094-1113 - wayehlakaniphile futhi waphumelela. Ama-Kievites avukelayo afuna kuphela uVladimir ukuba abuse, lapho kufika ukuvukela umbuso. Kodwa i-Monomakh ikhuluma ngezizathu zayo, ukuze igweme ukuhlukunyezwa esikhathini esizayo, futhi isinciphise kakhulu inani labantu abakhokhisa imali (okungabi ngaphezu kuka-20% ngonyaka), ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuphila kwamakilasi aphansi. "Umqulu kaRez" wamukelwa ngemuva kwesivumelwano esinzima nabameleli be-elite. Ngemuva kokuthi bakwazi ukuchaza ukuthi inkokhelo ekugcineni ingabhubhisa uRussi kuphela, kepha naye, isinqumo senziwa ukuxosha bonke abaqashi bamaJuda ngaphandle kwezwe. Kwavunyelwana ukuthi yonke impahla ezuzwe "abacwaningi" ingathatha nabo, kodwa akufanele babuyele eRussia. Ngokuvamile, amaJuda amaningi ayamukela i-Orthodoxy.

Isibonelo sesibili sikaVladimir Krasna Solnyshka

Iminyaka yokubusa kukaPrince Vladimir Monomakh yaba yinduku yokugcina yeKevan Rus. Umholi wezempi ophumelelayo, osombusazwe omuhle, indoda efundisiwe kanye nomlobi onethalente owashiya imisebenzi yokubhala, wabeka uRuss iminyaka eminingi yokuthula - iPechenegs yaxoshwa, amaPolvutu ayesaba ukuphanga amazwe aseRashiya, ngoba emkhankasweni wokulwa nawo, isikhulu sithembele emidlalweni yabantu, hhayi ku- Ama-Mercenaries. Wayethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, izici zakhe zagcwalisa isithombe se-Epic Vladimir Krasny Solnyshka (umbukiso wokuqala wayengumkhulu wakhe uVladimir, uMbhapathizi waseRussia). Amandla ka-Ilya Muromets awela ekubuseni kukaVladimir Monomakh

Ukunqoba okukhulu kwenqubomgomo yangaphandle

Inqubomgomo yangaphandle yaleli Duke Omkhulu yafinyelela enqenqemeni nendodana yomuntu owashona umbusi waseByzantium u-Alexis I John II, owavimbela umkhankaso wamabutho amakhulu aseRussia eya eConstantinople. Efuna ukuthula no-Kievan Rus, amaGreki azinikezela ngokuzithandela okukhulu - uMonomakh wanikezwa isihloko senkosi, ebaluleke ngokulingana ne-Basileus yaseByzantium. Wanikezwa izingubo zobukhosi, intonga, amandla kanye nomqhele, "isikhwama seMonomakh" esidume futhi esidumile. Le nyunyana yayigxiliwe ngumshado oshadile - indodana kaJohn, indlalifa u-Alexei, washada nomzukulu we-Kiev prince. Ngakho, ukubusa kukaVladimir Monomakh kwaphawulwa ngokusungulwa kobudlelwane obuqinile neByzantium.

Izinqubomgomo eziguquguqukayo

Yiqiniso, ukuhambela isixwayiso kuConstantinople kuhlinzekele ukuthunjwa endleleni yomhlaba waseDanube, kodwa uMonomakh wayehlale elahlekelwa okuthile ngenxa yokuthula. Ngakho-ke, la mazwe ahlala eByzantium. Ngemuva kokulwa nomholi waseMinsk uGleb nokuthunjwa kwakhe, la mazwe abe nobungane eKiev, lapho igunya lakhe eliphakeme laziwa khona. Izinzuzo ezingenakunqotshwa zifakazela ukuthi ngesikhathi sokubusa kweVladimir Monomakh ezintathu zezindawo zonke zaseRussia zazigxila ezandleni zakhe. Nabo bonke omakhelwane, lapho indlela yokuvumelanisa khona, futhi kuphi-impi, yapheliswa emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlubuka kwacinywa eMorhynia, lapho indodana kaSvyatopolk, umkhwenyana waseVladimir, i-Yaroslav, ebusa khona. Waguqula igceke lakhe laba yindlalifa enonya eKiev. Lapha babalekela bobabili abaqashi bamaJuda, nazo zonke izinhlobo zezitha zaphakade zaseRussia. Ibutho elikhulu lamaCzech, amaHungary, amaPoles laya eKiev. UMstislav Vladimirovich waya kumhlangabeza. U-Yaroslav ngokwakhe usebulewe kakade ngamasosha aseRussia ngesikhathi sokuvinjelwa kweVolhynia. Ukunikeza usizo kumuntu oshonile kwakungenangqondo, ibutho lezitha laphindela emuva.

Ukukhula kwamandla eRussia

Ama-Volga Bulars ayengabanqotshwa amasosha aseRussia, futhi izakhamuzi zaseBaltic naseFinland, ezazihlale zikhokha intela, azizange zihlasela amazwe aseRussia ekubuseni kukaVladimir Monomakh. Konke lokhu kwanikeza ithuba lokuthuthukisa uhulumeni. Amasonto akhiwa, ukuhweba kwandiswa, izinhlamvu zemali zafakwa, izincwadi zahunyushwa kusukela olimini lwaseByzantine, izikole zaqala ukuvuleka, lapho izingane zemindeni engcono kakhulu zanikezwa khona. Njengomuntu ofundisiwe nomlobi onamakhono, uVladimir washiya inzalo yakhe ngemisebenzi yakhe - "Ukufundisa" nokuthi "Ukuhamba". Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNestor, umonki weKyiv-Pechersk Lavra, wadala "iTale of Bygone Years" (1117). Ibhodi likaVladimir Monomakh eKiev laphenduka leli dolobha libe yindawo enkulu yokuhweba namasiko. Washiya ukukhumbula kahle emakhulwini eminyaka kanye nesibonelo sokubusa kukahulumeni, okwenza izwe liphumelele. Ukhulunywe kahle kakhulu hhayi "kwi-Age of Bygone Years" ebhalwe ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, kodwa naku-Ipatiev Chronicle nakule "Lay of the Ruin of the Land of Russia." Futhi emva kokufa kwakhe, ezinye zezizukulwane zakhe zagqokiswa umbuso "ngekhanda laseMonomakh".

Ukuqala kokubusa kukaVladimir Monomakh kwawa ngo-Ephreli 20, 1113, kwaphela ngoMeyi 19, 1125, ngosuku lokufa kwakhe. Imishado eqinile yayisakazeka kabanzi ngaphansi kweVladimir Monomakh. Wahlola zonke izingane zakhe eziningi cishe nabantu bonke baseYurophu. Imishado yayinezingane ze-khans.

Imiphumela yeBhodi

Amandla anamandla, okubalwa kuwo omakhelwane, ashiywa nguVladimir Monomakh, imiphumela yokubusa kwakhe ingafingqwa kanje. Ukuphumelela okuyinhloko kwakuwukuphela kokuhlaselwa kwabantu basePolvania abonakalisa izwe. Igunya laseRussia landa ngokungakazeki emva kokunqoba kwabo. Ukukhula kwakhe okuqhubekayo kwakusungulwa inqubomgomo enokulinganisela yasemhlabeni kanye nemishado yodokotela. I-Monomakh yaqinisa amandla amakhulu, ngakho-ke wakwazi ukugcina ngokugcwele yonke imizi nemizila yokuhweba yaseRussia. Ngenxa yokuphela kwemibango yomphakathi nokuqala kokuphila okunokuthula, yonke imikhakha yomnotho, izincwadi kanye nobuciko yaqala ukuthuthukisa, futhi amandla wezwe, kokubili ezempi nezomnotho, akhule kakhulu.