UbuchwephesheElectronics

Ukucinga Satellite Systems: ukubuyekezwa, izincazelo, Ukucaciswa nokubuyekeza. Isethelayithi uhlelo ukuphepha imoto

Namuhla, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha, isintu sisebenzisa ngisho nangaphandle isikhala. Ngalesi sizathu, izinhlelo zokusesha satellite zenziwa. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukuqala kokuhamba okunjalo kwabekwa ngo-Okthoba 4, 1957. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho i- satellite yokuqala yokufakelwa yaqala khona okokuqala . Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, kwavela uhlelo lokuqala lokusakaza imsakazo. Yavumela ukucacisa izixhumanisi zanoma iyiphi into ngokusekelwe kulawo masignali avela kwisathelayithi. Futhi namuhla, ukuhamba okunjalo kusetshenziselwa ukuziphatha komsebenzi wokukhulula kanye ne-geodetic, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kukahulumeni kanye nezakhamizi.

Yiziphi izinhlelo ze-satellite? Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zokuxhumana ze-elekthronikhi nobuchwepheshe Futhi ukuqaliswa kwazo kungenzeka kuphela ngokusebenza okuhlangene kwesikhala nemishini yasemhlabathini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlelo ze-satellites zivumela ukucacisa ukuphakama nokuhlelwa kwezindawo, isikhathi kanye nemingcele yokuhamba kwamanzi, izinto zomhlaba nezomoya.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Izinhlelo zeSatellite zihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

- izinjini, ezenzelwe izimoto;
- ukuhamba ngezinyawo, ukuvikela amahhovisi, izindlu, izindawo zomuntu siqu kanye nezindawo zokuhlala;
- ukuphepha kwamasayithi e-intanethi nakumafoni;
- Sesha ukuhamba (GPS).

Ama-Basic Elements

Izinhlelo ze-Satellite zifaka:

- izinkanyezi ze-orbital ezivela kuma satellite amaningana (kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-30), ezithumela izimpawu zomsakazo ezikhethekile;
- uhlelo lokulawulwa komhlaba kanye nokulawula olubeka isikhundla samanje ama-satellites, kanye nokwamukela nokucubungula ulwazi oludluliselwa ngabo;
- imishini yokwamukela amaklayenti edingekayo ekunqumeni izixhumanisi;
- ama-beacons omsakazo, okuyisimiso somhlaba esandisa ukunemba kokusungula indawo yento;
- uhlelo lomsakazo wolwazi oludlulisela izilungiso kubasebenzisi bezixhumanisi.

Isimiso sokusebenza

Amasistimu okuhamba nge-Satellite athola ibanga ukusuka e-antenna elisendaweni eya esiteshini esiphezulu lapho isikhundla sakhe ku-orbit siyaziwa ngokunemba okuphakeme. Itafula elikhethekile elibizwa ngokuthi i-almanac lisetshenzisiwe. Kumele igcinwe kwimemori yedivayisi etholakele futhi ikhombise isikhundla sabo bonke ama-satellite. Uma ithebula elinjalo lingasebenzi, ukutholakala kwento esesikhala kunqunywa ngamathuluzi usebenzisa izakhiwo ezilula zejometri. Ukuze kubalwe okulinganiselwe ububanzi nobude, umamukeli kumele athole izimpawu kusuka okungenani ama-satellite amathathu. Awu, uma udinga ukwazi indawo yento engaphezu kwendawo? Lokhu kuzodinga ukufika kwesignali kusuka kuthelevishini yesine.

Lonke ulwazi olutholiwe lucubungulwa yi-block block, esebenzisa uhlelo oluthile lokulinganisa ukuze uthole izixhumanisi ezidingekayo. Nokho, idatha etholakalayo izodinga ukulungiswa okuthile. Lokhu kungenxa yethonya ekusebenzeni kwesistimu yengcindezi yasemkhathini, izinga lokushisa lomoya kanye nomswakama. Ngalinye yalezi zici zethula iphutha elingakapheli 30m, inani eliphelele lelo ngezinye izikhathi lifinyelela ku-100 m.

Imodi ehlukile ye-GPS isiza ukunciphisa ukungalungi. Ihambisa izilungiso ezidingekile kumsebenzisi, okuqinisekisa ukunemba kwencazelo yencazelo kuze kufike ku-1 cm. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlelo zokusesha nge-satellite ziyakwazi ukuqoqa bese zicubungula idatha etholakele esikhathini esithile. Ngenxa yezinqubo ezinjalo, umsebenzisi unombono wejubane lento, indlela ahamba ngayo, njalonjalo.

GPS

Kuze kube manje, izinhlelo eziningana zokuhamba zisebenza ngesikhashana. Lena GPS yaseMelika, GLONASS yaseRashiya ne-European Galileo. Bonke bazovumela ukucacisa indawo yamanje yento, kanye nesikhathi salo nosuku, isivinini kanye nokuhamba ngezinyawo zokuhamba komhlaba, emoyeni nasemhlabeni. Ake sicabangele laba bahamba ngemininingwane ngokuningiliziwe.

Umlando we-US satellite GPS system waqala ngo-1973. Lesi yisikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwe-DNSS. Kamuva yabizwa kabusha ku-Navstar-GPS, bese iya ku-GPS. I-first of satellites yayo yafakwa ngo-1974. Futhi ngo-1993 inani labo lalethwa kwaba ngu-24, okwenza kube lula ukumboza umhlaba wonke.

Ekuqaleni, uhlelo lwe-satellite satellite lwaluqhutshwa ngenhloso yesakhiwo sezempi sase-US. Futhi kusukela ngo-2000 uhlelo lokufihlekile lususwe ohlelweni. I-GPS iye yakhonza izidingo zabathengi basekhaya. Kodwa-ke, ngisho namanje, i-Pentagon ingakwazi ukukhubaza izibonakaliso ze-satellite phezu kwezindawo lapho kwenziwa khona ukulwa, noma ukuphazamisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasevisi akhethekile ase-US agcina ilungelo lokusungula "abakwa-jammers" bendawo abandakanya indawo yokulwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, impi yomsakazo ye-electronic ngeke iphazamise amabutho ase-NATO asebenzayo kwisignali ekhonjisiwe.

GLONASS

Le ndlela yokuhamba yaseRussia iye isebenza kusukela eminyakeni engu-90 yekhulu lokugcina. Namuhla, ukwakheka kweqoqo le-orbital layo kuhlanganisa ama-satellite angaphezu kwezingamashumi amabili ku-orbit. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, inani labo lihlelwe ukwandisa libe ngamashumi amathathu.

Kusukela ngo-2007, uhlelo lwe-satellite ye-GLONASS selusetshenziselwe izinhloso zomphakathi. Namuhla ihlanganisa yonke indawo yaseRussia futhi ithola isicelo sayo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Isetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekuthuthweni, okungahambisani nempahla kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuhamba kwezimoto. Lapha, i-GLONASS iyisistimu yokuqapha i-satellites, kanye nezindlela zokwandisa isimiso somgwaqo. Ukuhamba okunjalo kusetshenziswe emsebenzini wabo yizinsizakalo zokusebenza zoMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo, Amaphoyisa kanye ne-ambulensi.

Isimiso sohlelo lwe-GLONASS sisekelwe ekutholeni ulwazi kusuka ekukhanyeni kokulandela ngomzila wesiteshi se-GSM kuya kuseva elikude. Lapha ligcinwe ukuthunyelwa okuqhubekayo kumsebenzisi. Isikhathi sokuqoqwa kwedatha sisesikhathini esiphakathi kwamasekhondi angu-15 kuya kwangu-240. Okulandelayo, uhlelo lwekhompiyutha olukhethekile lusetha ulwazi olusevava, futhi luhlinzeka indawo yento.

E-Russia, kwenziwa iphrojekthi entsha, ebizwa nge-ERA-GLONASS. Uhlelo olunjalo luzovumela izinsizakalo ezikhethekile ukuthi zisabele ngokuphuthumayo uma kwenzeka izingozi nezingozi. Kuhlelwe ukuthi ngo-2020 zonke izimoto zizokwazi ukuhlonza izimpawu zokuhamba nezokuxhumana ezithumela izimpawu ngokuzenzakalelayo emsebenzini nasemsebenzini uma kwenzeka kwenzeka izingozi ezinkulu, okungukuthi, uma i-airbag isebenza emotweni. Emva kwalokho, opharetha uzozama ukucacisa yonke imininingwane yesigameko kumshayeli. Uma kungenakho impendulo noma lapho kuqinisekiswa ulwazi olunikeziwe ngezixhumanisi ezinikeziwe, abahlengikazi boMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo, odokotela kanye namaphoyisa omgwaqo azothunyelwa. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo zokuthutha nge-satellites zizosiza umshayeli njengomsizi wokuqala eziphuthumayo.

Galileo

Loluhlelo lokuhamba nge-satellite lwakhiwa kumazwe angamalungu e-European Union. Le phrojekthi, okulinganiselwa ku-$ 2 billion, yaqanjwa ngokuthi uGalileo Galileo, isazi sezinkanyezi esaziwayo saseNtaliyane. Emisebenzini yayo i-Galileo ayithembeli ohlelweni lokulawulwa kwe-satellites i-GLONASS ne-American GPS.

Ngaphandle kokuthola into enokuthi izixhumanisi zayo zingatholakala ngephutha linye imitha, uGalileo unomsebenzi wokusesha nokulondoloza. Ayikho iphrojekthi enjalo kunoma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni (eRussia kuphela ithuthukiswa).

Ukuvikelwa kwezimoto

Namuhla, abathandi bemoto abaningi bakhangwa yi-anti anti -ft system. Ngokusho kwabasebenzisi abaningi, akukhona kuphela okuthembekile, kodwa futhi kulula kakhulu.

Ukuhamba okunjalo kokuphepha kusebenza ngesimiso sokuxhumana phakathi kwe-antenna ye auto kanye nama-satellite amaningana. Imininingwane mayelana nezixhumanisi zomshini ufika njalo kudivayisi etholakele futhi yenza umsebenzisi anqume indawo yemoto ngephutha lamamitha amaningana.

Ngokungafani nokuhamba okuvamile, uhlelo lwe-anti-ukweba yesathelayithi alutholi kuphela ukuthola amasignali kusuka ku-orbit, kodwa futhi luwadlulisela ekamelweni lokulawula noma kumnikazi. Uma abagibeli bengenele emotweni yemoto, bazama ukuphazamisa uhlelo, khona-ke ngokushesha ngemuva kwamanethiwekhi omqhubi weselula noma ngokusebenzisa iziteshi ezikhethiwe ngokuqondene nale njongo, isibonakaliso sizophuma, okuzothathwa ngomakhalekhukhwini womnikazi noma ukuthumela i-console. Ngemuva kwalokho, ithimba lokuphendula liqala ukusebenza, elizokwenza ukunyakaza nokuqhubeka komshini.

Ngokwempendulo yomsebenzisi, uhlelo lokuphepha lwe-satellites lwemoto luthembekile ngokwanele. Ukuzikhandla ngokweqile kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kune-alamu elula ene-siren.

Kwamanye amamodeli e-search engine ye-satellites, ukuvimbela injini ekude kunikeziwe. Ngenxa yalokhu msebenzi, isigebengu asikwazi ukushayela imoto yakho ngisho nemitha eyodwa. Ngezinye izikhathi abenzi bokubi basebenzisa ama-jammers. Lawa angama-silencers "angaqala" isignali. Lokhu kwacatshangelwa lapho kuthuthukiswa izinhlelo ezintsha zokuphepha. Emklamo wabo, amamojula akhethekile asetshenziselwa ukuthi angavumeli abagibeli ukuba basebenze.

Isitimela

Lolu hlelo lokuvikela imoto yesathelayithi lusetshenziswa ezweni lethu kusukela ngoSeptemba 2003. Yisistimu ejwayelekile ye-alamu ye-GPS-GSM, kuphela i-processor unit yayo ehlelwe ngendlela ekhethekile. Uma uzama ukweba imoto, i-alamu ibangelwa, futhi uma isenzo sobugebengu sisebenzisa i-jammer noma uma kungekho ukuxhumana nephaneli yokulawula, i-injini ivaliwe. Lona i-algorithm yokusebenza kwe-satellite system Echelon.

Inzuzo enkulu yalokhu kuhamba yikhono layo lokuvimbela ukweba ngisho nalapho kungekho ukuxhumana nomnikazi. Ngokwempendulo yabasebenzisi, inqwaba yezici ezengeziwe ziyizinzuzo ezingenasisekelo zesistimu. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lwe-satellite "Echelon" lungalungiswa ukukhiya injini uma kwenzeka:
- kudlula isivinini esithile;
- Ukuhamba ngaphandle kwendawo ekhethiwe;
- ukusheshisa isikhathi eside nokuhamba phambili kwemoto.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le algorithm ingashintshwa ngisho kude. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwanele ukuthumela uhlelo olufunayo lomsebenzi nge-GSM-isiteshi.

Arkan

Inqwaba yezinhlelo zokuphepha ze-satellite yemoto isebenza ngesimiso sokuletha isignali "I-Alarm" kwipaneli yokulawula. Kodwa-ke, ukuvikelwa okunjalo akusizi ngalutho uma kungekho noma ukucindezelwa ngamabomu wesiteshi se-GPS.

Esinye isistimu ye-satellite "Arkan". Ihambisa ulwazi kuhlelo lokuzulazula olukhethekile lwegama elifanayo. Ngenxa yesignali yomsakazo ehlala njalo ishintsha imvamisa, abathinteli abakwazi ukutholwa ohlelweni.
Okwamanje, lokhu kuhamba kuyisisombululo sesimanje sezobuchwepheshe, okukuvumela ukuba uthole kalula umshini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwe-satellite "Arkan":
- ungadlulisa izixhumanisi zomshini uma ucindezela inkinobho ye-alamu, kanye nalapho uzama ukungena okungagunyaziwe ku-cabin;
- ishintsha kwimodi yamandla aphansi lapho ibhethri iphansi;
- ilawula ukusebenza kwesiteshi "Arkan" ngokuhlinzeka ngokuqhubekayo kwamasignali wokuhlola.

Ukuxhumana ngeSatellite

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlelo ezifanayo.

Phakathi kwabo:

1. Ukuxhumana kweTrunk. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalo kwakunqunywa yizimfuno eziqhubekayo zokudluliswa kwemininingwana eminingi yolwazi. Eyokuqala kwezinhlelo ezinjalo kwakungu-Intelsat, bese kukhona izinhlangano zesifunda Arabsat, Eutelsat nabanye abaningi. Kuze kube manje, ama-backbone izinhlelo zokuxhumana nge-satellite ziyasuswa esikhundleni samanethiwekhi e-fiber-optic.

2. Izinhlelo ze-VSAT. Ziyisiguli esincane semishini. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zenzelwe ukuhlinzeka ngezokuxhumana nge-satellite ezinhlanganweni ezincane ezingadingi ukuphakama komkhawulokude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwe-VSAT lunganikeza iziteshi ngokufunwa.

3. Ukuxhumana nge-satellite yeselula. Isici salezi zinhlelo ubukhulu obuncane be-antenna, obangela ubunzima ekutholeni isibonakaliso. Ukuze ukwandise amandla omsakazo womsakazo, ama-satellites atholakala ku-orbit geostationary, abanikeze nge-transmitter enamandla. Izinqubo ezinjalo zihlinzeka ngokuxhumana nemikhumbi yemikhumbi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethiwe zesifunda. Ukuze ukwandise isignali yomsakazo, inani elikhulu lama satellites lisezintanjeni ze-polar nezethambekele. Zithumela ulwazi kanye nama-opharetha amaningi amaselula.

4. I- Satellite Satellite. Izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezinjalo zinemibandela yazo. Lapha, ithrafikhi ephumayo nokungenayo ihlukaniswe, futhi ubuchwepheshe abathile busetshenziselwa ukuqhubeka buhlanganisa. Yingakho izinhlelo ezinjalo zokuxhumana nge-satellite zibizwa ngokuthi yi-asymmetric. Ubungqayizivele be-Inthanethi ukuthi isiteshi esisodwa singasetshenziswa abasebenzisi abaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Iqiniso liwukuthi idatha ngokusebenzisa i-orbit isikhala idluliselwa kuwo wonke amakhasimende ngesikhathi esisodwa.

I-TV yesathelayithi

Kusukela phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ukufeza imigomo yalo, isintu sisanda ukusebenzisa isikhala sangaphandle. Futhi namuhla i-orbit eseduzane esiseduzane iboshwe ngokoqobo nge-satellite "umgexo" ovumela ukuthi hhayi kuphela ukukhonza njengezinhlelo zokuhamba, udlulise ulwazi, kodwa futhi ... bukela i-TV. Lokhu kwenzeka kanjani? Kuwo wonke ama-satellite oklanyelwe ngalezi zinhloso, i-antenna enamandla ifakiwe. Uthatha isignali yethelevishini, eyathunyelwa eMhlabeni futhi yamukelwa yi-transponder-transmitters ekhethekile. Lezo zindawo lapho kungenzeka khona ukubamba amagagasi anomsakazo kuthiwa yi-zone yokuhlanganisa.

I-antenna ethola izimpawu ezisuka kuma-satellite inomumo wesidlo. Ubuso obunjalo buvumela amagagasi omsakazo ukuba abonakaliswe bese agxila endaweni eyodwa lapho umthumeli efakwe khona. Le divayisi ithola izimpawu ezinikezwa kumamukeli ngekhebula elikhethekile. Kuyinto futhi eyamukelayo, kodwa iguqula amagagasi omsakazo futhi uyayithumela ngesimo sezithombe kusikrini se-TV.

Amasethingi e-Satellite satellite akuvumela ukuba uthole umsindo wekhwalithi ephakeme nezithombe. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuthola ulwazi ngefomu ledijithali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-satellite TV ikuvumela ukuba ubukele ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe namazwekazi. Lokhu kungenzeka kubaluleke kakhulu kulabo abafunda olunye ulimi. Izingane kanye nabantu abadala, lapho bebuka izinhlelo ezinjalo, bangathola i-interlocutor ngokwabo, futhi babuke futhi babuye bavuselele ulwazi lwabo. Gxila umbukeli neziteshi eziningi ze-satellite zethelevishini. Izingane zingazikhethela ukuboniswa kwezithombe, kanye nabantu abadala - bangena ezweni lokuhamba noma umculo.

Ukuhlinzeka ngekhaya lakho nge-TV ye-satellites ngeke nje kwandise umkhathi futhi uthole imizwa eminingi emihle ekubukeni izinhlelo ezithakazelisayo, kodwa futhi ugcine imali. Khokha kanye kuphela imishini yokuxhumana nge-satellite. Esikhathini esizayo, umthengi uhlala ezimele ezihleliwe zokuhlela amanani ama-cable operators, ngoba imishini yesathelayithi ihlala phakade kubunikazi bomnikazi wayo.

Kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuthi, ngokombono wezakhamuzi zemizi encane, ithelevishini ngokuvamile iwasiza. Phela, ngezinye izikhathi emadolobheni amancane awekho ama-cable operators, kanye nekhwalithi yokudluliswa kwesignali ngokusebenzisa ama-antenna avamile we-TV ashicilela kakhulu.

Ngendlela, ezindaweni eziningi ezincane ngenxa yezinkinga zokwamukela iziteshi zethelevishini, ukufakwa kwamasimbali mhlawumbe kuyindlela ewukuphela kokujabulela ukubuka i-TV ngesimiso esihle.

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