I-satellite yokufakelwa yomhlaba

Ama-satellite asebenzayo eMhlabeni yizimoto zesikhala esivimbayo ezilethwa nge-orbit emhlabeni wonke futhi zijikeleze eduze kwe-orbit geocentric. Zenzelwe ukuxazulula izinkinga ezisebenzisayo nezesayense. Ngokokuqala ngqa ukuqaliswa kwe-satellite yomhlaba okufakelwayo okwenzekayo kwenzeka ngo-Okthoba 4, 1957 e-USSR. Kwakuwumzimba wokuqala wokufakelwa owenziwa abantu. Lesi senzakalo sabonga ngenxa yemiphumela yezimpumelelo ezindaweni eziningi ze-rocket, ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutheni, i-electronics, i-mechanical mechanics, ukulawula okuzenzakalelayo namanye amagatsha wesayensi. Ama-satellite okuqala akwenza ukwazi ukukala ubuningi bezingxenye eziphezulu zomkhathi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwezinkolelo zemibhalo kanye nezixazululo eziyinhloko ezisebenzisayo ukuletha i-satellite ukuzungeza, ukuphenya izici zokudluliselwa kwesignali yomsakazo kwi-ionosphere.

I-America iqale i-ISP "i-Explorer-1" ngoFebhuwari 1, 1958, bese kuthi ngemva kwesikhathi, iqaliswe namanye amazwe: i-France, i-Australia, iJapan, i-China, iBrithani. Emkhakheni wokucwaninga kwesikhala , ukubambisana phakathi kwamazwe emhlabeni jikelele sekuye kwasakazeka.

I-spacecraft ingabizwa ngokuthi i-satellite ngemuva kokwenza izinguquko ezingaphezu kweyodwa emhlabeni wonke. Uma kungenjalo, ayibhaliswanga njenge-satellites futhi izobizwa ngokuthi i-rocket probe, eyenza izilinganiso kwi-trackingory ye-ballistic.

I-satellite ibhekwa njengeyasebenza uma iziteshi zomsakazo, izibani zomshini, izibonakaliso zokukhanya, imishini yokulinganisa ifakiwe kuwo. Ama-satellite satellites angamaqabunga ajwayelekile abhekana nokugcina ebusweni bomhlaba lapho enza ezinye izabelo zesayensi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amabhaluni e-satellite kuze kube amashumi ambalwa wamamitha ububanzi.

Ama-satellite satellites asebenzayo ahlukaniswa ekusetshenzisweni nasekucwaningweni kwesayensi, kuye ngemisebenzi abenzayo. Ucwaningo lwesayensi lwenzelwe ukuqhuba ucwaningo ngezidalwa zasezulwini, uMhlaba, nangaphandle. Lezi zi-satellites ze-geodesic ne-geophysical, izintatheli ze-orbital ze-astronomical, njll. Ama-satellite asetshenzisiwe ama-satellite satellites, ama-satellite satellites, ama-satellite satellites ekutadisheni izimithombo zomhlaba, ezobuchwepheshe, njll.

Ama-satellite asebenzayo eMhlabeni, adalwe ukuhamba kwabantu, abizwa ngokuthi "ama-spacecraft-satellites". Ama-satellites e-polar noma polar polar polar abizwa ngokuthi i-polar, noma i-orbit equbitorial. Ama satellite aqakathekile ama-satellites aqaliswe e-orbit ejikelezayo ye-equatorial, ukuqondiswa kokuhamba kwawo okuhambisana nokujikelezelana komhlaba, bahlala bexhomeke endaweni ethile eplanethi. Ihlukaniswe kusuka kuma-satellites uma injected into orbit izingxenye, ezifana heading fairings, kukhona izinto secondary orbital. Ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi ama-satellite, nakuba zihamba ngezinyawo eziseduze, futhi zikhonza ngokuyinhloko njengezinto zokubheka ngezinhloso zesayensi.

Kusukela ngo-1957 kuya ku-1962 iminyaka. Igama lezinto zesikhala liboniswe unyaka wokuqaliswa kanye nencwadi yama-alfabhethi wesiGreki ahambisana nenombolo ye-serial yokuqaliswa konyaka othile, kanye nenombolo ye-Arabhu - inombolo yento, ngokuya ngokubaluleka kwesayensi noma ukukhanya. Kodwa inani lama-satellite athuthukile landa ngokushesha, ngakho kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 1963, baqala ukukhethwa ngonyaka wokuqalwa, inombolo yokuqalisa ngonyaka ofanayo kanye nencwadi yezinhlamvu zesiLatini.

Ama-satellite angahluka ngobukhulu, amasu okuklama, ubuningi, ukwakheka kwemishini yokusebenza emoyeni, kuye ngokuthi imisebenzi eyenziwe. Ukunikezwa kwamandla okusebenza cishe kuwo wonke ama-satellite kwenziwa ngebhethri elanga efakwe engxenyeni yangaphandle yegobolondo.

Kumjikelezo, ama-satellite akhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa amakhekhethi aphethe ama-multi-esiteji ezithwala ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukuhamba kwama-satellite satellites okufakelwayo kungaphansi kokubamba (ukukhanga kwamaplanethi, ukumelana nomkhathi womhlaba , njll) nokusebenza (uma kwenzeka injini ye-jet ku-satellite ) emabuthaneni.