British-Hong Kong (British Hong Kong) - Umlando. zamazwe ayengaphansi British

British Hong Kong - umphakathi imfundo, ukuqiniseka zazo yafunwa yi-China ne-United Kingdom. A uhlelo eyinkimbinkimbi nezivumelwano ezenziwe kule nhlonhlo kuyinto cishe ezizimele noma kusuka kuleyo, nabavela kwamanye amazwe, kanye nemithetho yentela ovulekile avumele isimo babe omunye ezifundeni ekhula ngokushesha emhlabeni.

prehistory

Umlando Hong Kong iqala emhlabeni 30,000 edlule. Ngokwe abavubukuli, ke ingenye emakhoneni edume kakhulu emhlabeni, lapho iminonjana abantu lasendulo atholakele. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kule ndawo ngokuphelele ephethwe yi-China. Phakathi nokubusa le Tang BakwaHan , esifundeni wawaziwa ngokuthi i isikhungo international yokuthengelana. Hong Kong yaziwa njengendlela producer enkulu usawoti, port asolwandle, umshushumbisi isikhungo.

Ukuqala kweMpi opium

Ngo-1836, uhulumeni wase-China eyenziwa ukubuyekeza ezinkulu inqubomgomo emkhakheni eluhlaza opium yokuthengisa. Lin bavuma ukuthatha ku umsebenzi ekuvimbeni ukusabalala-opium. Ngo-March 1839 waba Imperial Commissioner ekhethekile nganoma Canton, lapho ihlelwe nabadayisi basemazweni ukulahla opium akubo. Yena kungagcini ukufinyelela abahwebi British namafektri Canton wakwazi Zinqume kusuka izimpahla. UMhloli oMkhulu ebhizinisini, Charles Elliott, uLin ivumile nokuqalisa ugwayi katiki ukuvumela ephumayo ephephile kusuka emakethe opium zabathengisi British kanye izindleko ezihambisana kufanele sezixazululiwe ngokwesivumelwano phakathi 'ohulumeni ababili. Elliott wathembisa ukuthi uhulumeni waseBrithani izokhokhela opium amasheya abathengisi bendawo. Ngakho-ke, abahwebi imali bo bele, owawungumnyaka 20,283 kg opium. Ngemva kwalokho, lezi zitoko sekususiwe embuthanweni amakhulu wabantu.

inkulumo British

British iKhabhinethi yanquma ukuthi abantu Chinese kufanele ajeziswe ngo-September 1839. abantu East kwadingeka bakhokhele ukulala nokulinyazwa kwempahla British. Expeditionary Force babenezinkinga by Charles Elliot nomfowabo ngo-1840. izindlu abagadiwe, Nkosi Palmerston. Kwakungenxa isicelo sakhe kuze kube-Chinese Imperial Uhulumeni, kwaboniswa ukuthi iziphathimandla British cha phikisa ilungelo lokulawula yabo Chinese opium ukuhweba, kodwa benqabela ngazo lokhu ukuhweba yenziwa. Kepha uJehova wabona ngekhulu kokuqina ngokuzumayo ukulawula opium njengesicupho sokubamba angaphandle (ngokuyinhloko - iBrithani) abahwebi, opium engahluziwe izimpahla Ukuvimba inikezwe njengoba isinyathelo abanamusa nokungalungile. Ukuze sisekele lesi senzo sicelosikhalo, uJehova wayala amabutho expeditionary ukuba luthathe kwesinye seziqhingi eziseduze, futhi uma Chinese ungacabangi ngokwanele izidingo waseBritish, amatheku Chinese umfula iYangtze futhi uvimbele Yellow inkantolo yaseBrithani. Kuso isicelo, kwathiwa wagcizelela ukuthi laba bahwebi British akufanele kwafaka nezimfuneko okungagunyaziwe abanamusa abaphathi bendawo kunoma iyiphi lamachweba umbuso ngezikhali Chinese.

bavumelana

Ngo-1841, ngemva izingxoxo uMnu Qi Shan, owaphumelela le Lin ziyaphawuleka, Elliott yamemezela isivumelwano wokulungiselela, okuyinto eye waqaphela ngakwesokudla British esiqhingini sase-Hong Kong futhi itheku layo. Yavela kanjalo-ke i-British Hong Kong. Flag of Great Britain esingu phezu izinqaba endala lesi siqhingi, futhi Commander Dzheyms Bremen olawule isiqhingi igama British Umqhele. Hong Kong wathembisa ukuba isisekelo esibalulekile eBritish ukuhweba umphakathi esifundazweni Canton. Ngo-1842, ukudluliswa lesi siqhingi sasibizwa izibophezele ngokusemthethweni, futhi Hong Kong «Phakade" baba ingakaze ibe ikoloni laseBrithani.

Ukwanda kwaleli koloni

Isivumelwano, esisayinwe izwe laseBrithani nelase-uhulumeni waseChina ayikwazanga ukwanelisa akekho omunye futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi. Ekwindla ka-1856, iziphathimandla Chinese ebambekile esibuthakathaka okuqondene China, endaweni okufikela kuyo izingcingo iyona British Hong Kong kwavezwa. Inxusa e Canton wakhalaza kuziphathimandla Chinese ngala mazwi avelelwe ezinjalo kuba buhlungu ubunjalo esinzulu. Hong Kong ekuphathweni sekufinyelele sigameko ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubomgomo zabo siqu. Entwasahlobo ka-1857 iNkosi Palmerston esimisiwe Eldzhvina ummeleli we ohlangothini British kuyi-ukuhweba kanye nomkhakha wezokuvikela, kanti ogunyaziwe amnika entsha, inkontileka imali eningi ngaphezulu nge China. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo waseBrithani wanquma ukunciphisa aqinise isikhundla yayo ezingxoxweni oluzayo, futhi igcwaliswe izindlu siqu amandla ayo French expeditionary. Ngo 1860, izenzo ngokuhlanganyela elathunjwa Dagu Fort futhi sahlala Beijing, esibatshela uhulumeni waseChina ukwamukela izimfuno British. Emlandweni izibalo ukuphikiswa abizwa opium ukuhweba izimpi, ngalinye elikwazi yandile ezindaweni kwezilwandle we-British Empire futhi saphela ngokukhululwa kokunqotshwa China. Ngokwe izivumelwano ngemvume, i-British sakwazi ukuvula izimbobo zabo, ngokukhululekile ukuhamba up River umfula iYangtze, ke waphindiselwa ilungelo ngokomthetho lokudayisa opium futhi ube zevangeli yabo zamanxusa e-Beijing. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi kushayisana, umzimba IsiZulu kungathatha yonke iNhlonhlo Kowloon. Lokhu ithafa kuyinto of eside ukubaluleka ezingaba - kungenzeka ukwakha umuzi umugqa omusha ukuzivikela.

Ukunwetshwa kanye nokuhlanganiswa

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, bamakoloni bafuna ukwandisa eBritish Hong Kong zokuzivikela. Kulesi senzakalo, izingxoxo ngohlangothi Chinese ezaqaliswa, okwaholela ukusayina lwesibili lomhlangano we-Beijing 9 Juni 1989. Njengoba ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe base bevumelene ngokuthi, asikwazi ukubhodloza ubukhosi yaseChina izinqamu ngezinqamu zokudonsa kude insimu, British Hong Kong wanikwa neminye isimo imvume. Lokhu kwavumela eChina "ukuziqinisa" efomini yomthetho okuzisholo phezu kuhlukaniswa komhlaba, kanye nayo iBritish - eqinisweni elawula Hong Kong ebolekiswe. Hong kong izwe yaqashiswa ukuba uhulumeni waseBrithani iminyaka 99. Ngaphezu kwalokho, engaphansi kwe-eBritish Isles banikwa 230, okuyinto waziwa ngokuthi insimu WaseBrithani omusha. Ngokusemthethweni, eBrithani wangena ifa yesikhashana of Hong Kong futhi lonke izwe kuyo 1899. Lapha-ke eziqhutshwa imithetho yayo siqu ukuthi ayifani Mainland, abasebenza ezinkantolo, amaphoyisa kanye namasiko - konke ezingase ukugcizelela ukuzimela waseBritish Hong Kong. Uhlamvu lwemali kwaba kwegazi kulesi sifunda njengoba sihlanganisa lonke izwe-mpumalanga Asia.

Iminyaka yempi

Ngaphambi kwempi yezwe yesibili, Hong Kong ziphila kuthule omunye amakoloni amaningi aseBrithani, okuyinto bahlakazekela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-isinyathelo sezempi, kwanqunywa ukuba bahlanganise ukusebenza lempi ukuze kuvikeleke insimu entsha British neziphathimandla Chinese. Ngo-1941, i-British usayine nokubambisana sivumelwano lempi, owawuthi kuhlaselwa the British Hong Kong Chinese ibutho kazwelonke sizohlasela amaJapane omkhulu ovela ngemuva emotweni. Lokhu kumele kwenziwe ukuze ungabi ingcindezi ayizitha ikampu British. Disemba 8 mpi yaqala lapho Hong Kong, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho Japanese emoyeni ekuhlaseleni empeleni wabhubhisa British Air Force kwelinye kuhlasela. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili, amaJapane wafohla umugqa esemqoka kule emasimini amasha. Umlawuli British, uMajor General Christopher Maltbi wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi isiqhingi ngeke kuhlale isikhathi eside ngaphandle ukuqinisa, ngakho umlawuli wasuka lamabutho akhe esuka ezwekazini. Ngo-December 18, amaJapane ashaqe iVictoria Harbor. Kusukela ngomhla ka-25 Disemba, ihlelwe wezokuVikela yayimane nje emaphaketheni elincane ukumelana. Maltbi Kunconywa umaluju kuya Governor Hong Kong - Mnumzane Mark Young, elalela iseluleko sakhe ukuze unciphise ekubhujisweni kungenzeka sabo enkabeni yedolobha bakhangisa echwebeni.

ayehlasela Japanese

Ngosuku olulandelayo, ngemuva ayehlasela Generalissimo Chiang ekhishwe oda amabutho amathathu Chinese iphansi kwesandla sika-Jikelele J. Hanmou ujike ngase-Hong Kong. Iplani kwakungukuthi ukuqala kaNcibijane Day kuhlaselwa the Japanese umsebenzi amabutho esifundeni Canton. Nokho ngisho nangaphambi kokuba elihamba Chinese wakwazi ukwakha umugqa ayo zokuhlasela, amaJapane waphula ekumeleleni Hong Kong. ukulahlekelwa British ayebekwe la madoda ayemabi: amasosha 2232 wabulala futhi 2,300 balimala. I-Japanese babike ukuthi balahlekelwa 1996 efile futhi 6000 alimele. Heavy umsebenzi Japanese ilethe ukuhlupheka. Lo muzi wachithwa, abantu kwesokunxele Hong Kong. Izwe libhekene nokwehla kwezomnotho nezenhlalo, labantu amakoloni British aba nguhhafu. I-Japanese ejele elibusayo elite waseBrithani wamakoloni futhi wafuna ukuze lizuze abathengisi bendawo ngesivumelwano ukuba amabhodi zokweluleka kanye nokuqapha proteges zabo. Le nqubomgomo kuye kwaholela ekubambisaneni lokubanti mayelana ingxenye elite, futhi kusukela abasesigabeni esiphakathi, ukwethuka kude esingaphansi kwamanye amadolobha e China.

umsebenzi Japanese

Hong Kong lutho iye yashintshwa yaba ikoloni Japanese, nokwanda izakhiwo zebhizinisi Japanese ukuthi esikhundleni British. Noma kunjalo, uMbuso Japanese kwadingeka nobunzima obukhulu yokudla, futhi ngo-1943 ukudla nenkinga e-Hong Kong. Uhulumeni iba nobudlova ngokwengeziwe futhi ekhohlakele, futhi amaShayina elite udumazeke. Ngemva sokunikela Japanese, iyunithi ubuyela ukusekelwa British kwaba kobuhlungu, njengoba yobuzwe ezwekazini namabutho lamaKhomanisi babelungiselela yombango futhi indiva izimfuno nezinselelo Hong Kong. Esikhathini umsebenzi eside kungenze ngaqiniseka oda pre-impi kwezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho phakathi umphakathi wezamabhizinisi Chinese ususe ezinye ukungqubuzana okuthile kwezinzuzo ezaholela ukwehla nodumo namandla leBritain.

Ukubuyiselwa ubukhosi Chinese

Ukumnika amerikanskiyh nemali British ngokushesha uveze ikoloni. Ukuthuthukiswa post-yimpi ye-Hong Kong lubonisa kancane, bese - kanye nokukhula ngokushesha komnotho. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-80 sika, Hong Kong isibe omunye ezine "Oriental Dragon" kunesithembiso isikhundla salo sanje ngempumelelo. Ngo-1997, kwaba khona ukudluliswa onesizotha bamalungelo Uhulumeni Hong Kong China. British umqhele koloni beqiniso lashabalala, futhi Hong Kong baba ngegama ingxenye China. Kodwa edolobheni uye wakwazi ukulondoloza uzibuse nesizungu bevela kwezinye izifundazwe Chinese. Isebenzisa izinkantolo ayo, baye basungula imithetho yabo, has ekuphathweni lwaso namasiko aso. Hong Kong - China has ngokwengxenye kuphela, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuyoba ingxenye jikelele uhlelo zokuphatha esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.

Hong Kong Capital

Hong Kong - ezweni kunjalo akukho indawo. It has no dolobha ngomqondo ezivamile izwi. Singasho ukuthi Hong Kong dolobha Hong Kong ngokwakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imithombo ehlukahlukene abonisa ukuthi Victoria iyinhloko-dolobha ye-Hong Kong City. Le ndawo ehlonishwayo yaleli dolobha elikhulu, lapho bonke izakhiwo zezombusazwe kanye nezokuphatha abangu bagxila kule nkathi waseBritish Raj. Ngemva kokuphela sokuqasha Victoria City wayengufakazi oyedwa nje kwabaningi ezindaweni Hong Kong, ngakho umbono ukuthi le ndawo capital Hong Kong, siphelelwe yisikhathi hhayi ukusho ngeqiniso.

yesimanje Hong Kong

I post-yimpi ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha esifundeni eMpumalanga Ekude kuye kwaholela yokuthi British yesimanje Hong Kong isibe omunye umuzi ashukumisayo kakhulu futhi ithuthukiswe emhlabeni. Ukungabi sekuyaphela kwemithombo yemvelo uye engazivimbeli ukufeza insimu uphikise ka indinganiso ephakeme kungenzeka nawo ezingeni lekuphila. Lokhu kungenxa ukuthuthukiswa komthetho, ingqalasizinda ephelele futhi isikhundla kunenzuzo womhlaba.

Hong Kong wakwazi ukuthola injongo yaso umnotho wembulunga yonke, futhi waba Umgadli ku electronic, izingubo, indwangu kanye nezimboni kagesi. Nokho, injini eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa Hong Kong kuyinto umkhakha inkonzo. Iningi labantu kule ndawo baqashwe ku zezimali, yasebhange, umkhakha commercial nehhotela. abalingani main Hong Kong sika kukhona-United States, i-Taiwan, Japan, Singapore ne-United Kingdom.

inhliziyo Hong Kong sika

Hong Kong isikhungo kubhekwe njengento siqhingi ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezimbili, okuyinto abe umngcele ongokwemvelo ngesimo ethekwini. Ophakathi kwezwe laseGrisi nenhlonhlo futhi isiqhingi Umhubhe ezintathu komhlaba nikubeke ezinhliziyweni zenu. Esiqhingini kukhona amahhovisi zokuphatha ezibaluleke kakhulu e-Hong Kong, kuhlanganise eWorld Financial Center, asebegugile isakhiwo esisha Bank of China, emhlabeni semibukiso. ukuzijabulisa Iningi. Fashion izitolo, iminyuziyamu Antique namaqembu nazo zitholakala esiqhingini, ngakho ngalesi sikhathi-ke imayelana. Hong Kong kubhekwe njengento maphakathi isifunda ezinabantu abaningi baseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia.

ngepharadesi isihambi sika

New Hong Kong - iyipharadesi kubathandi yezokuzijabulisa yezitolo. I ezitolo zendawo wokuqokelelwe lemikhiqizo abadumile ngamanani iphansana, kanti disco eziningi, imigoqo kanye amakilabhu avulekele umphakathi ubusuku nemini. Abathandi izizinda kokuphumula futhi kwakudala futhi uyakusutha - e-Hong Kong kwesokunxele eziningi ezivikelekile kanye amapaki lapho ungakwazi ukujabulela uhlobo isetshenzwe Rainforest. Thanda izivakashi, kanye iminyuziyamu eminingi futhi amasonto, lapho ungabona ziphephile esiyingqayizivele eqoqwe phakathi nezinkulungwane zeminyaka yomlando e Hong Kong, ukubona esifanekisweni emhlabeni enkulu zikaBuddha, ukuba avakashele imizana kude, lapho namanje ohlonishwayo ngamasiko asendulo. Uhamba ngeke udumazeke - ngaphakathi spite of okukhulu ukwanda kwabantu, Hong Kong kwaba kanye uhlala elinye lamadolobha ehlanzeke kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Nge ukuxhumana kufanele awanandaba - iningi labantu e-Hong Kong ngikhulume okuhle ngesiNgisi.

Uma une isikhathi nethuba - ukuvakashela leli siqhingi esimangalisayo - okuvelayo yesimanje Hong Kong, ihlanganisa ngokumangalisayo zasendulo nezanamuhla, kuzohlala enkumbulweni yakho for a lifetime.