KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Ukuguqulwa plastids - Kuyaziwa emhlabeni zezitshalo. Plastids: ukwakheka kwazo, imisebenzi

Omunye umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwezitshalo nezilwane cell khona kule cytoplasm organelles lokuqala ezifana plastids. Ukwakheka, ikakhulukazi izinqubo zabo umzimba, kanye chloroplast ukubaluleka chromoplasts futhi leucoplasts uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Isakhiwo chloroplast

Green plastid isakhiwo esingagcina esizoyihlola manje ezihlobene organelles esiyisibopho amaseli spore nenzalo izitshalo ephakeme. Ziyakwazi dvuhmembrannymi cell organelles futhi okweqanda. Isibalo sawo cytoplasm zingase zihluke. Ngokwesibonelo, amangqamuzana columnar ugwayi leaf parenchyma ipuleti aqukethe kuze kube izinkulungwane chloroplast e ngeziqu zokusanhlamvu isitshalo umndeni kusuka 30 kuya 50.

Bobabili ulwelwesi ayingxenye organelle, babe izakhiwo ezahlukene: elingaphandle - bushelelezi, ezintathu-ungqimba, efana ulwelwesi kakhulu amaseli isitshalo. Yangaphakathi yakhiwa sebuningini emphethweni, ngokuthi lamellae. Lezi pouches eduze flat - thylakoids. I lamellae yakha inethiwekhi tubules ngokulinganisa. Phakathi lamellae kukhona thylakoids-cells. Basuke eqoqwe izitaki - ubuso ukuthi kungenziwa oxhumene. Inombolo yabo eyodwa chloroplast - 60-150. Yonke ingaphakathi ingaphakathi ligcwele matrix we chloroplast.

Organelle has izimpawu yokuzimela: impahla yayo zofuzo - DNA isiyingi, ngawo chloroplast akwazi ukwanda. Futhi kukhona ulwelwesi avaliwe yangaphandle okubhayindiwe le organelle by izinqubo ezenzeka e le cytoplasm. Chloroplast babe ribosomes yabo futhi RNA molecule kanye tRNA, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, ikhono synthesize amaprotheni.

imisebenzi thylakoids

Njengoba kushiwo ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, plastids zezitshalo amaseli - chloroplast, aqukethe ukubunjwa yabo ekhethekile sacs isicaba ngokuthi thylakoids. Bathola zombala - chlorophylls (ehilelekile photosynthesis) kanye carotenoid (ezisebenza ukwesekwa kanye umsebenzi trophic). Kukhona uhlelo enzyme, ukusabela ihlinzeka ukukhanya isigaba amnyama ye-photosynthesis. Thylakoids umsebenzi njengoba antenna: zigxila imisebe yokukhanya futhi liqondise molecule chlorophyll.

Photosynthesis - inqubo eyinhloko chloroplast

amaseli Autotrophic bayakwazi synthesize izinto eziphilayo, e-glucose ethile, usebenzisa carbon dioxide futhi amandla okukhanya. Green plastid umsebenzi okuyinto sitadisha, ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye phototrophic - eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, njenge:

  • izitshalo ephakeme spore (wona, horsetails, club wona, ezinjengohlinzamfuku);
  • imbewu (gymnosperms - gingovye, AmaConifers, efedrovye futhi angiosperms noma izimila eziqhakazayo).

Photosynthesis - isimiso namachibi zokunciphisa ukusabela, okuncike electron Inqubo yokudlulisa kusukela donor izinto ukuze kuhlanganisa 'ukuqonda "kubo, okuthiwa acceptors.

Lezi ukusabela eziholela zamagama izinto eziningi eziphilayo, e-glucose ethile, futhi ukwehlukana-mpilo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Isigaba ukukhanya photosynthesis kwenzeka ku ulwelwesi thylakoid ngaphansi isenzo yamandla okukhanya. I izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya ugxile vusa electron ukukhanya ama-athomu magnesium eziqukethwe sombala oluhlaza - chlorophyll.

Amandla electron isetshenziselwa amandla okudla zamagama izinto ATP futhi NADP-H2. Bona uhlukanise iseli ebumnyameni isigaba ukusabela ezenzeka kuleli matrix of the chloroplast. Isiqalo nesigcino zindlela zokusabela zokwenziwa kuholela ekwakhekeni zishintshe glucose, amino acid, glycerol futhi ama-fatty acid, okuyizindawo isakhiwo amaseli bese impahla trophic.

izinhlobo plastids

Green plastid Isakhiwo nemisebenzi okuyinto sibuyekeze ngaphambili, basesimweni amaqabunga, sifanamsindvo, futhi oluhlaza akukuphela uhlobo. Ngokwesibonelo, esikhumbeni isithelo salowo muthi, e amacembe of eziqhakazayo e izembozo yangaphandle abagijimi komhlaba - nezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye ama, kunezinye plastids. Zibizwa ngokuthi chromoplasts noma leucoplasts.

organelles kungekho nto enemibala emihle (leucoplasts) kufanele ezihlukile futhi ihluke chloroplast ukuthi umgodi wabo ongaphakathi ayinakho amapuleti mncane - lamella, futhi inani thylakoids linamathele-matrix encane. Matrix ngokwalo yakhiwa-deoxyribonucleic acid, i-organelles amaprotheni-Kuhlanganisa - ribosomes kanye enzyme proteolytic ukuthi sokudiliza amaprotheni kanye carbohydrate.

Leucoplasts nazo enzyme - synthetase iqhaza ekwakhiweni glucose molecule isitashi. plastids Ngenxa yalokho kungekho nto enemibala emihle plant amaseli aqoqana esikhundleni umsoco: amaprotheni zithutha kanye corn isitashi. Lezi plastids imisebenzi ye ekuqongeleleni izinto eziphilayo kungenziwa siguqulelwa chromoplasts, isibonelo ngesikhathi yokuvuthwa utamatisi, e esiteji ripeness acidosis.

Ngaphansi kwe-microscope ukuskena kokuba isinqumo high, ngokucacile umehluko kubonakala ukwakheka kwazo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu plastids. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko uphathelene chloroplast nge isakhiwo eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo elihlobene ne-umsebenzi ye-photosynthesis.

Chromoplasts - plastids umbala

Kanye oluhlaza futhi kungekho nto enemibala emihle e plant cells kukhona eyesithathu umbono organelles ngokuthi chromoplasts. Sinenkosi ezihlukahlukene imibala: ophuzi, ezinsomi, ezibomvu. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-iyafana leucoplasts: ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi has inombolo encane lamellae futhi inombolo encane thylakoids. Chromoplasts aqukethe zombala ahlukahlukene: xanthophylls, carotenes, carotenoid, asizayo photosynthesis izinto. Kuyinto lezi plastids ukuhlinzeka umbala beetroot izimpande, izaqathe, izithelo, izihlahla zezithelo kanye amajikijolo.

Njengoba kukhona futhi plastids Okusizayo siguqulwe

Leucoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplast - the plastids (lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti zazo sitadisha), ukuba umsuka ezivamile. Basuke ethathwe meristematic (zemfundo) izicubu, zazo akhiwa protoplastidy - dvuhmembrannye sacciform organelles afika ku 1 Micron. Ngo ekukhanyeni bamisa izinkinga oyiyo: Kumiswa ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi equkethe lamellae, futhi kuhlelwe umqondo ngu oluhlaza sombala i-chlorophyll. Protoplastidy ekubeni chloroplast. Leucoplasts futhi kungenziwa iguqulwe ngaphansi isenzo yamandla okukhanya ukuba plastids oluhlaza, bese chromoplasts. Ukuguqulwa plastid - iyisici okwandile emhlabeni zezitshalo.

Chromatophores njengoba bakaCharles chloroplast

Prokaryotic eziphilayo phototrophic - bacterium oluhlaza kanye onsomi, inqubo ye-photosynthesis wenziwa usebenzisa A bacteriochlorophyll kabani molecule zitholakala kwi kwangaphakathi cytoplasmic ulwelwesi amaqhubu. Microbiologists bakholwe chromatophores-bacterium ababengaphambi plastids.

Lokhu kuqinisekiswa efana chloroplast isakhiwo lwabo, okungukuthi ukuba khona izikhungo yokusabela kanye svetoulavlivayuschih izinhlelo kanye jikelele Imiphumela-photosynthesis, okuholela kwetinhlavu organic compounds. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izitshalo aphansi - ulwelwe oluhlaza, kanye prokaryotes, babe plastids. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imfundo hlorofillosoderzhaschie - chromatophores wathatha phezu imisebenzi yabo - photosynthesis.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la chloroplast

Phakathi yemibono eminingi ecatshangelwayo azalelwa plastid ukugxila symbiogenesis. Ngokusho imibono yakhe, plastids - amaseli (chloroplast) esavela inkathi Archean ngenxa Ukungena iseli eyinhloko heterotrophic phototrophic amagciwane. Bona kamuva kwaholela ekwakhekeni plastids oluhlaza.

Kuleli phephandaba sitadisha lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti zezitshalo cell organelles dvuhmembrannyh: leucoplasts, chloroplast futhi chromoplasts. Futhi ukuthola value abo kuseli umsebenzi.

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