Ukuhlola D: izigaba nezinyathelo

Geology njengoba isayensi kwaba ushintsho olukhulu ngempela eside futhi indlela olunameva, asathuthuka njalo ngesisekelo eminingi yokuhlangenwe nakho nokusebenzisana ngesibindi eziphikelelayo. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, bona kwaphawula ukuqala lo msebenzi kwemayini emhlabeni, kancane kancane Ukuthola izinsiza ezintsha kanye kokuvula izindlela zokukhiqiza. Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba ababephila ngesikhathi besekamambi phambili ngokuya ulwazi kanye nobuchwepheshe. Nokho, naphezu kwakho konke lokhu inqubekelaphambili eyenziwayo, kulo msebenzi namanje lidinga izindleko engokwengqondo, engokomzimba futhi zezimali.

ububanzi volumetric yemisetjenzana kunjongo

Usesho, ukuthola futhi amalungiselelo eziyinkimbinkimbi lobuchwepheshe ukuqhubeka enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi - okungukuthi incazelo capacious iningi lonke eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuhlola Geological, isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi yehlukene kaningi okubalwa kuzo kwenza le ndawo ngempela avaliwe kulabo abangenalo ulwazi kancane ezikhethekile.

Injongo eyinhloko yawo ukuhlola ukutadisha izindlela ukuhlola kanye nezimayini imisebenzi ngempumelelo enkulu kanye nemiphumela kwezomnotho okunengqondo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kumelwe acabangele futhi imvelo - ukulimala kwakhe umsebenzi umthetho ukuhlola lincishisiwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi Geological nezinhlangano ngokuvamile eduze amasevisi cwaningo kugcwele ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo komhlaba ahlukahlukene, ukuziphatha ubunjiniyela kanye cwaningo Geological izindawo ngabanye ngasese izindawo, ukulungiselela Ziyingozi ukulahlwa enobungozi ezimbonini.

A emfushane Uhlolojikelele zomlando

Ukucinga futhi ukuhlola izidubedube (in izinsimbi ethile, esiyigugu futhi non-ayoni, futhi ngemva kweminye iminyaka, futhi black) eyenziwa abantu athe xaxa ukuthi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Okuhlangenwe nakho bokuqala futhi okuphelele imisebenzi ukuhlola ku amazwe ngenkathi ephakathi eYurophu okwethulwa yimibhalo yakhe, usosayensi German Georg Agricola.

Ukuhlolwa kokuqala okubhaliwe eRussia ziye eyenziwa eMfuleni Pechora e 1491. Umfutho enamandla kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni le umkhakha umkhuba yasekhaya elinikwe kuphela ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, ngo-1700. Lokhu lula ukushicilelwa "izindaba Order rudokopnyh" kaPetru I. slant elingezelelako, kwabekwa nesisekelo esingokwesayensi esengeziwe Russian ukuhlola Geological yasungulwa Mihailom Lomonosovym. Ngo 1882 ezidalwe isimo Russian ejensi lokuqala Geological - iKomiti Geological. Its okufanayo 1892 abasebenzi kweyishumi konyaka, wakwazi ukwakha ibalazwe lokuqala Geological wengxenye European yezwe ngezinga 1: 2520 000. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, uqala yakha umbono wakho lamafutha kwehlwaywe, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, rock kanzima futhi placer ezifakwa amaminerali.

Njengoba sekunama-eSoviet sikhathi, Geological inkonzo iye yashintshwa abalulekile. Uhulumeni eziza kuqala sigudluke okuningi maqondana ucinge uwoyela, okwaphumela hhayi kuphela wandisa izindawo ezindala uwoyela negesi (ngokukhethekile, North-Caucasus), kodwa futhi uhlole amasimu amasha. Ngakho, ngo-1929, yena waba esiwe ku Ukuhlolwa esifundeni iVolga-Ural, owaziwa edume ngokuthi "Okwesibili Baku."

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1941, i-Geology Soviet eqhosha ethi Imiphumela ngempela umxhwele: abangu uhlole futhi alungele ukusebenza kwe-iningi izidubedube eyaziwa ensimini. Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe (1941-1945) ukuhlola abangu evele idluliselwe kusheshiswe yokusesha nasekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo ne ezibaluleke kakhulu kusukela esemqoka umbono kwezinsiza (ngokukhethekile, esifundeni esise-Ural, iSiberia, Central Asia naseMpumalanga Ekude). Umphumela waba kakhulu augmented uwoyela, itshe-nsimbi, nickel, ithini manganese. Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi fraying ezifakwa offset ngu ukuthuthukiswa kakhulu amasha.

Esikhathini yesimanje Russian isimo ukuhlola kunaka sigudluke okwengeziwe kweBraam-. Nokho, ingxenye yesabelomali futhi kusivumela ukuthi sakhe Uhlelo eside amasu sokuthuthukiswa amaminerali yasekhaya impahla eluhlaza izinqolobane yezwe. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini 2005-2020 kubhekeke ukuba kuthi lapho namarisidi yengcebo ku izifundo Geological e isamba ruble 540 billion. Cishe ingxenye yabo izogxila ukwabiwa Ukuhlolwa hydrocarbon.

Isiteji Omunye - kokuqala ukulungiselela

Zonke izigaba esigabeni ukuhlola isiyonke tente ezintathu isethi elandelanayo yezenzo.

Kokuqala - esigabeni sokuqala - kuhlanganisa kuphela umsebenzi Geophysical ezindaweni endaweni Geological kanye ukuqopha. Kulokhu ngokuvamile yokubhola wenziwa isithenjwa imithombo. Yonke esifundeni kubhekwa ngaphansi ukuqapha eduze, kuhlanganise nokuthi angase ukuzamazama komhlaba nezinye izici ezilimazayo lujula.

Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka pre-ukuhlonza emasimini ethembisa. Kulokhu, kuba isiqiniseko ukusetha ethumba sezwe amabalazwe adalwe ububanzi ezahlukene futhi injongo. Futhi kulinganiselwa isimo imvelo Geological phezu ukuzinza kanye nokwenzeka ushintsho yayo.

Eyesibili esiteji - emasimini yosesho kanye nokuhlolwa kwabo

Iqoqo ezijulile futhi eningiliziwe enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi esikalini ka endaweni ethile yolwazi iqala lesi sinyathelo.

Isigaba 2 iwukuba ukusebenza ubunjalo ngokuhlola imiphumela othembisayo Esigabeni sokuqala endaweni: ukuhlonza imali ethize amaminerali, ukulinganisa esinembile imiqulu yabo. Isakhiwo umsebenzi Geological, Geophysical futhi geochemical uguqulwa aerokosmomaterialy, yakheke kumbiwa imithombo (noma nje ukwenza isizukulwane ebusweni) ukutadishwa yamadwala iyini imbangela yalokho. Umphumela isinyathelo esilandelayo amabalazwe Geological (isikali 1: 50,000 - 1: 100,000), izazi zokuma komhlaba uthole izandla zakho phezu imibiko ezibalo eziningiliziwe.

In esigabeni sesithathu umsebenzi ukuhlola kunqunywa zibheke phambili ukuhlola wathola imali. Kuyinto kusukela le miphumela kuzoncika esigabeni esilandelayo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho iqala ukukhiqizwa izinsiza ezidingekayo. Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba zicabangela amandla ezomnotho emasimini wathola, ukulahla zonke cluster netsennye.

Ayikho ezingabalulekile kangako iqiniso lokuthi ngemva kwalokhu iqoqo imisebenzi, uzilungiselele ucwaningo lokubheka ukuthi kungenzeka amagugu kubhekwe imali. Futhi kuphela imiphumela emihle into ekugcineni idluliselwe kwehlwaywe eminye nokuxhashazwa.

Yokugcina (lesithathu) esiteji - ukuthuthukiswa

Okuthile okuyiwona futhi baqhuba iqoqo yenkuthalo Imininingwane Geological ku ezifakwa ezaziwayo. Njengoba kunjalo umthetho wangaphambili umsebenzi ukuhlola lihlukaniswe kulesi sigaba ngezigaba ezimbili.

4, isinyathelo (ukuhlola) iqala kuphela Amasimu otsenonnyh (labo okuyinto waqaphela ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho nokwenzeka). Ecacisiwe ngokuningiliziwe isakhiwo Geological into kulinganiswa izimo be-Geotechnical ngoba izimayini wayo, uphenyo izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe imali amaminerali elise-ke. Ngenxa yalokho, yonke imali otsenonnye kufanele ngokomthetho Usululungele ukusetshenziswa ngokwengeziwe. Ayikho ezingabalulekile kangako kutsi kwehlwaywe imininingwane idiphozi acabangele izinsiza ziwela ngaphansi isigaba A, B, C1 no C2 ukuthi.

Ekugcineni, ngo-esigabeni yesihlanu umsebenzi ukuhlola eyenziwa intelligence zokusebenza. It ithatha yonke inkathi ukuthuthukiswa yasendle, ukuze ochwepheshe bayakwazi ukuba idatha okunokwethenjelwa mayelana ezifakwa ekhona (morphology, isakhiwo sangaphakathi kanye isimo imali amaminerali).

Befuna amanzi angaphansi komhlaba

Ngu Isifaniso ne isizinda amaminerali okuqinile ukuhlola imisebenzi emanzini labetibambile ncamashi efanayo izigaba ezine (lesifunda luhlolo Geological ka prospecting eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlolwa kanye ukuhlolwa). Nokho, ngenxa yesimo yomthombo kanye netimo tekutsi lasungulwa, isizinda Kwenziwa eziningi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama.

Ikakhulukazi, imithombo yamanzi tekusebenta zibalwa futhi baqinisekisa ngokuphelele ezinye amayunithi. Zibonisa ivolumu yomthombo ukuthi kungenziwa ekhishwe izimo inikezwe per unit isikhathi - m ³ / ngosuku; l / s, t. d.

Modern Exploration umsebenzisi ikhomba 4 izinhlobo komhlaba :

1. Ukuphuza futhi lobuchwepheshe - bajwayele emanzini ompompi, ngenkasa kwenhlabathi ekhiqizwa, amadlelo waphuzisa.
2. lamanzi esiphethu nge izakhiwo zokwelapha - uhlobo enjalo isetshenziswa womshini isiphuzo futhi ngenhloso yokuvimbela.
3. Heat namandla (inombolo efanayo kule zenyathi kuhlanganisiwe umusi-amanzi ingxube) - ukusetshenziselwa ukufudumeza kokusetshenziswa ezimbonini, kwezolimo kanye civil.
4. Industrial amanzi - ukhonza njengelungu umthombo isizinda okwalandela izinto ezibalulekile, futhi izingxenye (nosawoti, izinsimbi, futhi ezihlukahlukene izakhi mkhondo chemical).

ingozi High izigameko, imicimbi kanye nemiphumela ngezinye izikhathi inhlekelele sokuphoqa njalo ukukhathazeka ikakhulukazi ukuhlonipha ukuphepha imisebenzi Geological okuhloswe ngaso ucinge komhlaba. Ukuthuthukiswa emgodini endle zingaqhubekela ephelezelwa suffosion, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze futhi nciphisa. Ukugcina ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba kungaba njalo yingxenye inrush Ukunyakaza ngokushesha kwamanzi, ezintantayo nezikhukhula. Ngaphandle ingozi esobala ukuze abantu futhi athambekele imiphumela emibi cluster eziseduze namanye amaminerali - bamane cwilisa.

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama emangalisayo ukucinga uwoyela negesi

Isizinda kulezi ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili. Eyokuqala - yokusesha - okuhloswe ngazo ukuthola idatha wezinsalela zamandulo bewela ngaphansi imikhakha C1 no C2. Ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi kukunika ukuhlolwa Geological nezomnotho bakwazi yentuthuko imali ethile. kakhulu esigabeni wenziwa ngezigaba ezintathu uthini:

1. umsebenzi Geological futhi Geophysical we plan lesifunda - zihlanganisa yabadobi izindawo cwaningo inhlolovo. It kwenziwe ukuhlolwa qualitative ambalwa uwoyela negesi amathemba endaweni cwaningo. Ngesisekelo le datha kusengaphambili izinto kuqala lujula uwoyela negesi.
2. Lungiselela umhlabathi ezijulile ukuhlola imishini - ku kwezidingo bavumelana akhethiwe endaweni amabhukumaka imithombo ngokuhlola. Kuhlanganisa cwaningo enemininingwane zokuzamazama komhlaba, futhi kwezinye izimo, ngaphezulu futhi amatshe / prospecting kagesi.
3. Ukucinga umsebenzi - ngokuhamba imishini nokuhlolwa kwemithombo ngokuhlola ecatshangelwayo uwoyela negesi amathemba kanye nezici, izinqolobane ibalwa wathola imali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvela izakhiwo Geological futhi Geophysical ka khathizwe ezizungezile futhi izingqimba.

Noma yimuphi umsebenzi project ukuhlola futhi Linomqondo wokukwazi ukuqhuba imishini amasimu akhona. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba uthole ezifakwa okwengeziwe izindawo eziqhutshwa ezisebusweni esigabeni ngokuhlola ngenxa yezizathu eziningi angase waphawula.

Esigabeni esilandelayo - ukuhlola. Kunenkolelo ukuze kulungiselelwe bonke ethembisa uwoyela negesi Amasimu olutholakele ukuqhubeka. Kuphenywa ngokuningiliziwe isakhiwo amachibi itholiwe, amadamu waphawula futhi ibalwa imingcele condensates, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ingcindezi, kanye neminye imingcele eminingi.

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi esigabeni ukuhlola - ukubala uwoyela negesi izinqolobane. Kulesi sisekelo, nokuxazulula zibheke kwezomnotho zokuxhashazwa olwengeziwe.

phansi Hopeless noma amathemba lujula?

Pacific nasolwandle, naphezu kokungabi yayo isihlobo yokutadisha esikhathini sethu, yingcweti kanye. Okokuqala, i-eshalofini kwamanzi amathemba ngempela umxhwele for the isizinda nosawoti ahlukahlukene amaminerali (isibonelo, uLwandle Lukasawoti, inhlaka t. D.), kukawoyela negesi. Zonke namaminerali ezindaweni ezifana zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu:

1. Kuqukethwe emanzini asolwandle.
2. izinsiza Solid ukuthi zitholakala ngezansi / ungqimba phansi.
3. Uketshezi (amafutha igesi, amanzi ashisayo), elele ekujuleni uqweqwe yezwekazi futhi wasolwandle Zomhlaba.

Ngokusho indawo yabo libhekwa njengoba:

• Imali eduze nakude sogu lolwandle.
• Imali ye imisele ekujuleni kolwandle.

Ezansi kwehlwaywe ulwandle uwoyela ukukhiqizwa gas abazenzi ngokukhethekile imishini. Ngokuvamile, lezi zinsiza zitholakala amakhilomitha hhayi ngaphansi kuka 2-3 ezijulile eshalofini. Ikhumbula ibanga emasimini, usebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene ezisekelweni, kusuka lapho oyokwenziwa ukuhlola umonakalo:

• Ukuze i-120 metres ukujula - inqwaba isisekelo.
• Emhlanganweni we 150-200 amamitha ukujula - platform elintantayo ukuze aqinise uhlelo.
• Amakhulu amamitha / ambalwa amakhilomitha - elintantayo imishini yokumba.

umkhuba Western ibhizinisi yangasese

Phesheya, ukuhlola umonakalo izidubedube Kwenziwa ikakhulukazi ne ezimbonini ezizimele isinyathelo, kusale uhulumeni okudingeka ehlelekile inhlolovo Geological kanye nomsebenzi ukuhlola ezingeni lesifunda. Uhlelo lokulungisa Amasimu nentuthuko yabo eminye iningi uqale kuphela ngemva imiphumela yokuqala emihle yokwemba ngokuhlola (izimbotshana eyayenziwe wadala e koqweqwe kwakhiwa ngenxa ukuhlola).

Nazo ngokufanayo, ngaphansi imishini enemininingwane nokuvulwa imali ngobukhulu, yezimboni lolutawudzinga kokutshala imali eningi. Lapho efeza umsebenzi intelligence tekusebenta izigaba eliphakeme kwezinsiza bayanda kuphela labo amavolumu ayadingeka ukuze ukukhiqizwa zamanje. Ukujula lapho umsebenzi kwenziwe, ngaphansi emacaleni evamile ezifana ingeqi 2-3 umkhathizwe tekusebenta (iqoqo yokwemba ngokuhlola kwenye level).

Nokho, ukuthembeka kuyafaneleka ukuthi lo mkhuba akuqinisekisi Ukusabalala yezinqumo sina futhi amaphutha search for imali amaminerali. Western yokusondela ukuhlola ngokuvamile kungagcini isizinda ulwazi ngesisekelo inkambu Kutholwe bazohlolwa abheke ukuthi kungenzeka kwalo kutemnotfo, uma kuphumelela, ngokushesha wasungula. Kule ndaba, ku into ukuhlonza esiphezulu lemali okungenzeka zonke izinhlobo amaminerali, kanye ukubikezela ezinsiza zigcine uhlole kuba kunalokho umsebenzi kuyinkinga.

Imithombo ngezimali ukuhlola Geological eRussia

Umkhuba Russian yezimbiwa ukuhlola kungaba kwenziwe okuvela kuhulumeni, futhi ngezithukuthuku kweBraam-. Ezimweni ezihilela uhulumeni okudingeka wonke umsebenzi ukuhlola zinikezwa ngesimo ama-oda. Kuye isiqondiso futhi ivolumu, osonkontileka okulungiselelwe kusukela izindlela okuhambisanayo ngebhajethi ezingeni: federal, zesifunda noma zendawo.

Ngaphambi ukuqala ukuhlola umonakalo kunoma yisiphi isici umthethosivivinywa isabelomali uhulumeni ukhetha izicelo nsuku ukuncintisana. Inqubo ngokwaso ulula:

1. Indawo ngayinye lapho isimo uhlela ukuqhuba umsebenzi ukuhlola isethelwe mncintiswano ezifanele. Kulokhu, iklayenti (uhulumeni inhlangano) bahlakulele kulungiselelwa Geological futhi intengo sokuqala imiphumela kulindeleke yephrojekthi emsebenzini ukuhlola. Ucabangela kokubili izindleko zokulawula zokukhiqiza kanye ezingeni nalehleliwe inzuzo.
2. Winner, ababenikele ukusebenza ofanele kakhulu amanani ezingabizi kakhulu, ngendlela yakhona inikwe ilayisense lokufeza imisebenzi ngaphakathi into inikezwe.
3. Ngesikhathi Ukukhishwa zemvume ikhasimende esayina inkontileka owawina emncintiswaneni lujula umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ukwenza isikhathi kunqunywa noma umncintiswano noma ukuxoxisana okunye futhi isivumelwano kanye ngomculi.

Highlights ngendlela lapho phrojekthi usekelwa umsebenzi ukuhlola ezingeni kahulumeni, zikleliswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

1. Ministry of Natural Resources uthola kusuka ku-Ministry of Finance lo ukwabiwa yonyaka nge ukuwohloka wekota futhi uhlela ukusatshalaliswa yabo phakathi amakhasimende uhulumeni. Ngemva kwalokho, Ministry ithumela ulwazi olufanele ukuze General Directorate of uMgcinimafa Federal.
2. Federal Treasury azise amayunithi abafanele sendawo ezezimali livunyelwe amakhasimende asizwa kubo.
3. Ministry of imithombo yemvelo ngendlela evunywe Ezezimali uqondisa ikhasimende ivolumu, ngesikhathi esifanayo angamnikeli "Isivumelwano phezu ukudluliselwa imisebenzi yomphakathi ikhasimende," ngokuvumelana kwezinkambiso aqine.
4. Eshayelwa izimali ikhasimende futhi isivumelwano luyisisekelo ukuhlola ngokushesha ukuhlela.

Umculi ikhokhelwa sokufeza umsebenzi ukuhlola nsuku wekota (siphinde sihlinzekele nezinhlelo ezihlanganisa ukukhokhelwa kwentuthuko). Futhi kuphela uma umbiko lo msebenzi Geological ukulandela kahle luhlolo isimo, uye wathatha ngempumelelo Isikhwama indawo wesitoreji Geological nokuhlola Geological kubhekwa igcwaliswe.