Ukukhanyiselwa ifilosofi izici zako ezisemqoka

The Age of Ukukhanyiselwa e-Europe, kwakheka izimo zomlando ezithile. Kwakuwusuku nokubusa kwamakhosi ngokuphelele eFrance esibucayi, futhi igebe phakathi ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho kanye uhlelo lukahulumeni kanye kokuqina clericalism (SaseNantes ku ukubekezelelana ngokwenkolo sahoxiswa). Imithombo imibono emisha babé isithombe yesayensi zomhlaba, by Newton umkhankaso, kanye English nefilosofi yezenhlalakahle (Dzhon Lokk, ifilosofi ngokuthi "ukusebenzisa ingqondo") futhi French khulula-izihlakaniphi nezazi abalobi ezifana Per Beyl, Descartes futhi Lakho.

Ukukhanyiselwa imibono kuqala kunazo zonke senza phezulu kuqala umbuzo zefilosofi senkinga ukuphikiswa phakathi kokholo isizathu futhi abeke phambili njengoba omunye imigomo ebaluleke kakhulu abantu ihlelo Isizathu kanye Inqubekela. Uma Isazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi abaseqinisweni elithi "ukukhanyiselwa" babe theorists okuthiwa iKhabhinethi uhlamvu, Yokukhanyiselwa French esivusa lwempela emphakathini, noma "iqembu" Izazi zefilosofi. Bona ziyazithanda ezombusazwe, ukufinyelela emphakathini futhi ibhalwe ngolimi French bakuqonde labo abaqeqeshwe ukufunda nokubhala. Isimiso eyinhloko-French Ukukhanyiselwa kwaba inkolelo nokudlanga imibono emphakathini. Babekholelwa ukuthi imibono nomthelela ekukhuleni komphakathi, futhi bafundise umphakathi, kumelwe siqale ukufundisa abantu.

nefilosofi Ukukhanyiselwa kakhulu ukukholelwa ngaphandle lokhu Yiqiniso, the brilliant iningi nommeleli wayo, uFrancois uVoltaire. Nokho, akazange adale u isimiso sakhe siqu wefilosofi, futhi wayaziwa njengomuntu ophansi fighter ngokumelene ubandlululo nokukholelwa ezeni, yingakho ukukhala yakhe edumile ngokumelene ukubusa clericalism we LamaRoma Katolika "Akuqede izilokazane!" Wasinda eminyaka. UVoltaire kwaba deist imibono yabo, naye wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuba khona Ingqondo endaweni yonke ebonisa isizathu futhi ngenjongo yokuba khona. Wabuye wakhuluma ngokumelene ukungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, bekholelwa ukuthi ukwenqaba uNkulunkulu ngeke hit izisekelo kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi lesintu. UVoltaire wazama popularize eFrance emfundisweni imithetho Newton imvelo, futhi uphinde wagxeka umbono 'imibono isegazini "ka Descartes futhi solipsism Berkeley. Ngo-mbono yokuziphendukela ulwazi uVoltaire wancika Locke futhi esiyiNgisi uFrancis Bacon: ulwazi esisekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwawo, kodwa kukhona ulwazi ngokuphelele, ezifana izibalo, ukuziphatha okuhle, nokuzwana umqondo kaNkulunkulu. Emkhakheni wezingalo Psychology, isazi sefilosofi wabelane imfashini ngaleso sikhathi imfundiso man is a indlela enengqondo ngaphandle umphefumulo, kodwa isazela kanye nezobunhloli.

Eyesibili igunya eliphelele, okuyinto eye wadala ifilosofi Enlightment, futhi owayephikisana uVoltaire, kuyinto Jean-Zhak Russo. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke yemisebenzi yakhe ezibhekwa "Ukucabanga ku Origin of Ukungalingani phakathi kwabantu", "The Social Inkontileka" futhi "okusha Heloise." Rousseau wayekholelwa ukuthi main yisandla kumuntu akuyona ingqondo, futhi izinzwa, imizwelo engokwemvelo ezifana kanembeza buchopho. Rousseau wagxeka isayensi owayephila futhi umkhakha, baqinisekisa ukuthi ukwehlukanisa umuntu ovela imvelo, okwenza kuye ngezidingo yokufakelwa kanye tibeka abantu kusuka komunye nomunye. Umsebenzi wefilosofi - elimqoka lokuvala leli gebe futhi enze abantu bajabule. Emlandweni Rousseau wabelane umqondo "yokuchuma", nokulinyazwa kwempahla yangasese. Edlule, yebo, kakade, awukwazi ukubuyela emuva, kodwa unga okungenani ngengxenye isimo ngokufaka ibe inkontileka kwezenhlalo nokwakha umphakathi alinganayo lobunini encane, ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga ngokusebenzisa inhlolovo. Rousseau wayebuye umhlaziyi we "umzali yemvelo" ithanga bemvelo, ngaphandle uhlaka eqine nangenkolo banamathela imibono yokuzizwela mathupha.

nefilosofi Ukukhanyiselwa futhi enikeziwe Umthala materialists French - La Mettrie, Helvetius, Holbach, Diderot. Holbach ku "System of Nature" kwenza yonke izenzakalo kuya ezinyakazayo izinhlayiya impahla nezinto ezidaliwe Lamettrie engahlangene nje kuphela traffic kodwa nemizwa, esikisela khona automatism Psychology ( "indoda - umshini"). Futhi babesekela umbono lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu kusukela wezinto ezingaphili, "umbuso" ngokusebenzisa yemifino kanye isilwane. Omunye kuyizimpawu lokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo French kwenkathi kuyinto Determinism yayo: konke kungaphansi kwemithetho yonke indawo, akekho simo, ayikho injongo kanye imbangela kuphela nomphumela. Cognition, ngokombono wabo, osekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho, uguqulwa ukucabanga, futhi injongo yayo iwukuhlola ngcono indoda. Kodwa isimo esiyinhloko ulwazi emizweni ukuthi "ukubhalisa" kuwo wonke umhlaba osizungezile. Nokho, isibonelo, Diderot, ngokungafani kuya La Mettrie, babekholelwa ukuthi umuntu isimiso esinjalo sifana, kunalokho, hhayi emotweni, kanye upiyano, ngoba usebenzisa isimiso izimpawu, njengoba ulimi (nezibonakaliso zivumelana okhiye upiyano). Ifilosofi nezenhlalakahle materialists umbono ka okunengqondo ubugovu, okungase babambisane izinto ezithandwa omunye futhi ngakho ukuza isithakazelo nokuziphatha wonke umuntu.

Njengoba cishe wonke, isazi sefilosofi esaziwayo owanika izwe ifilosofi Ukukhanyiselwa, ukuvumelana bodwa ukuthi ingqondo kanye nemiqondo kwesokudla yakha oda efanele yokuxhumana nabantu, bayakwethemba udale iphrojekthi "Encyclopedia", le ideologue main kanye nomqondisi okwakukhona Diderot. Wakwazi yokuletha ndawonye yonke we Ukukhanyiselwa, njengoba materialists, deists nokuthi Ubhale izihloko mayelana yonke impumelelo ngokwesayensi, ukubukwa yemvelo futhi zezenhlalakahle okuqhubekayo kuhlangene ukugxekwa yisikhathi futhi wanikeza isithombe yingqondo yomuntu jikelele. Lo msebenzi waqala ngentshiseko enkulu, kodwa ke iningi abahlanganyeli bayeka ukwenza lo msebenzi ngenxa uhlamvu zezimali kanye yangaphakathi. Ngisele ngedwa, Diderot ngakwazi ukuletha lo msebenzi kuze kube sekupheleni futhi ukushicilela wonke amavolumu 52 "I-Encyclopedia", kufinyeta konke isayensi ifinyelele XVII-XVIII eminyaka.