Iqiniso kanye nenqubo yayo ku-mbono yokuziphendukela ulwazi

Umnyombo imfundiso yokuziphendukela ulwazi bekulokhu inkinga weqiniso kanye nenqubo yayo. Zonke izikole zefilosofi Amathrendi uzamile ukwakha abaqonda ngayo lezi zimpikiswano. U-Aristotle wayengusosayensi sazi owanika izwe ukuzimisela ukuthi sekuyinkinga zakudala: iqiniso - wukuthi ngosizo okuyinto siyaqonda ukuthi isimo langempela bolwazi esinalo izinto. Singasho ukuthi le ncazelo kwanelisa zonke izazi zefilosofi, ngisho emakamu aphikisanayo - futhi Metaphysics futhi dialectics, futhi materialists futhi idealists. theorists wakhe kunazo baqaphela wahlanganyela epistemology, kusukela Fomy Akvinata ukuze noKarla Marksa. Umehluko kwaba kuphela yokuthi bezwa ngokoqobo, futhi yini indlela leli ubuqiniso ayibonwa.

Iqiniso kanye nenqubo yayo ngomqondo yendabuko kungenziwa ihlaziye esekelwe zingxenye ezilandelayo. Okokuqala, ukuba yiqiniso kwalesi okuhambelana ulwazi olufanele, waqaphela emgomweni futhi ekhona ngokuzimela ukuqaphela kwethu, futhi ubunjalo knowable ibonwa ngokusebenzisa mkhuba. Okwesibili, iqiniso kuwumphumela ulwazi futhi ezihlobene nemisebenzi yabantu, ne umkhuba zawo futhi zihluke kanjani sakwazi ukuqonda okushiwo abahlola lesi simo, ngokushesha noma kamuva, kuvela practice. Kule umbono, Nokho kufanele ngokwanele kubonise ulwazi into ifomu lapho ukhona ngokuzimela ukusuka kokuthathwayo. Kodwa lokhu uxhumano iyatholakala logic kuphela, futhi ngenxa nenqubo ngolwazi yendabuko uba ubufakazi okunengqondo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngisho Kant ukubeka phambili umqondo wokuthi iqiniso kanye nenqubo yayo ngeke ibonakale ekuthuthukiseni isayensi theory, njengoba lokhu isayensi ngokwako akukwazi ukunikeza ulwazi olugcwele ngisho yemvelo yingqondo yomuntu elinganiselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Kant ukuthi umuntu ophila emihlabeni emibili ngesikhathi esisodwa - bemvelo nemasiko. izwe Yemvelo ilalela imithetho causality ukuswela, kuba knowable ingqondo theory, kodwa ingqondo akanamandla ukwazi okushiwo izinto, futhi ushukumisela kuphela ohlelweni eyodwa kuya kwenye iphutha. Izwe isiko Yizwe inkululeko, knowable ngu isizathu esinengqondo, okungukuthi, intando, okuyinto ingaphansi kwemithetho yokuziphatha, futhi akukho ageje, futhi usebenza cishe abunaphutha. Ngakho-ke, umbandela esiyinhloko Kant iba imfuneko zokuziphatha.

Inkinga ukufanelekela weqiniso akuyona alien koqondayo yesimanje, kodwa imininingwane yayo siqu. Ngokombono nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo nokuziphatha ezinhle umbandela ezinjalo ingachazwa ngokusebenzisa dialectic imiqondo zokuxhumana efana inhloso, ethize ngokuphelele, isihlobo futhi kuyiqiniso. Umqondo umnqopho isetshenziswa okuqukethwe ulwazi lomuntu ngezinto ezikhona, kusho ukuthi sikhuluma kutimela okuqukethwe kokubili umuntu kanye nomphakathi. Kule ndaba, iyiphi iqiniso umgomo kungaba ngokuthi eliphelele, kodwa kuphela ngokwezinga elithile. Nokunonophala kanye nokuthuthukisa ulwazi kuholela ukushintsha futhi ukwandisa okuqukethwe imibono yethu mayelana nezwe, futhi ngoba iqiniso umgomo kungumsebenti isihlobo. Igama elithi "ngokucacile" ikuvumela ukuba ichaze imingcele eliphelele isihlobo, kanye nenqubomgomo ye ngokunemba umkhuba.

Singasho ukuthi iqiniso kanye nenqubo yayo ibe esigabeni okuyinto ngokuvamile delimited zefilosofi besikhathi sethu ku abasekeli postpositivists uKarl Popper kanye umsunguli hermeneutics yefilosofi Hans Georg Gadamer. Popper atholakala kakhulu imiqondo wefilosofi, izimiso zokuziphatha, sobuhle bayo kanye nemfundiso yenkolo - izigaba ngokomzwelo asekele imibono yabantu abathile. Ngakho-ke, ithuluzi eliyinhloko sokuhlaziya kuthathwa njengesibikezelo rationalism yesimanje zakudala, usebenzisa okuyinto nefilosofi ungakwazi ukuqhuba "umugqa ukutjheja imikhawulo" phakathi kwesayensi isayensi-mbumbulu, kweqiniso namanga. Ngempela, akukho ngokuphelele lesifanele mbono zesayensi nemibono babe okunemibandela kweqiniso abe sezingeni labo yesayensi, kodwa futhi labo they are kuphela uma ngaphansi kokuhlolisisa ezibucayi (falsification). Ngakho, kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa umbandela main Popper ukuze umehluko isayensi Metaphysics iyona ezibucayi Umgomo we falsification.

Iqiniso kanye nenqubo kwakhona esiyinhloko umsebenzi kwemilingo Hans-Georga Gadamera "Iqiniso Indlela". Akukhona sefilosofi ubonisa ubuhlobo salezi zigaba ezimbili, futhi ukungavumelani kwabo okuphelele. indlela Scientific yolwazi, eyaziwa ngokuthi indlela is neither jikelele noma eyodwa kuphela. ukuthuthukiswa yezesayensi ezincwadini zezwe asisebenzi kunoma yiluphi ulimi, futhi sobuhle bayo, noma izindaba, kuphela unciphise futhi kuyawuphofisa isipiliyoni iqiniso ukuthi ayitholakali ngokutadisha, futhi ngokuqonda. Lesi sakamuva itholakala kuphela uma "umkhathizwe yokuqonda 'nombhali kanye Umhumushi imisindvo, fuses, futhi ingxoxo eqhubeka phakathi kwabo. Ukuba khona inkhulumomphendvulwano ezifana nokusesha ngolimi ezivamile phakathi abanezizinda ezihlukene kuyinto iqiniso umbandela cognition womuntu.