Ukunyakaza kwabantu noma izithunzi uqweqwe eMhlabeni: isikimu kanye nezinhlobo

Uma uthi nhlá, inhlabathi ngaphansi kwezinyawo zenu kubonakala ngokuphelele engashintshi, kodwa empeleni akusiyo. UMhlaba has a isakhiwo ezithathekayo elenza ukunyakaza ezihlukahlukene. Ukunyakaza kwabantu noma izithunzi ungqimba lomhlaba, mlilo e iningi amacala, bangafeza i namandla amakhulu futhi elimazayo, kodwa kunezinye ukunyakaza, futhi kancane futhi ayibonakali iso womuntu nqunu.

Umcabango uqweqwe ukunyakaza eMhlabeni

ungqimba lomhlaba siqukethe izingqimba eziningana ezinkulu zomhlaba, ngamunye okwenza ngokunyakaza bedle izinqubo eMhlabeni zangaphakathi. Ukunyakaza kwabantu noma izithunzi ungqimba lomhlaba - kuthatha kade kakhulu, ungase uthi, into wokuziphilisa ongenalo kakhulu izinhlaka izinzwa womuntu, kodwa le nqubo kudlala indima enkulu ezimpilweni zethu. ukubonakaliswa Kubonakala ukuthuthela khona izingqimba zomhlaba - Ukwakheka kwezitho entabeni ngamaketanga, ephelezelwa njengokungathi ngokuzamazama komhlaba.

Izimbangela ukunyakaza zomhlaba

ingxenye Solid iplanethi yethu - the lithosphere - siqukethe izingqimba ezintathu: i-nucleus (the ejulile) isiphuku (ungqimba Lesisemkhatsini) kanye uqweqwe (kwamanzi ingxenye). Umnyombo futhi isiphuku liphezulu kakhulu izinga lokushisa kubangela ndaba okuqinile ukuba kudlule isimo uketshezi ukwakha igesi futhi pressurization. Njengoba uqweqwe elinganiselwe isiphuku futhi isiphuku izidakamizwa ngeke ukwandisa umthamo, ngenxa yalokho kukhona umphumela kubhayela umusi lapho okwenzeka emathunjini omhlaba izinqubo isebenze ukunyakaza crustal. Uma lokhu ukunyakaza khona izingqimba zomhlaba namandla ezindaweni lokushisa eliphakeme futhi ukucindezela isiphuku phezu izingqimba engenhla lithosphere.

History of the cwaningo

On the izinxushunxushu okungenzeka komhlaba ukuyichaza kudala ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. Ngakho, umlando isiphakamiso wokuqala usosayensi yamaGreki asendulo - sokuma uStrabo. Yena hypothesized ukuthi izingxenye ezithile Umhlaba ngezikhathi avuke futhi bawe. Kamuva Russian wesichazamazwi Lomonosov wabhala ukuthi ukunyakaza zomhlaba we uqweqwe - kungcono ayibonakali komhlaba womuntu. Ngicabanga ukuthi ukunyakaza komhlaba nabakhileyo eScandinavia yangeNkathi Ephakathi, ngiye ngaphawula ukuthi esigodini sabo, kanye ezinze ogwini, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka bazithola kude ogwini.

Nokho ukuhamba ungqimba lomhlaba, mlilo waqala ngenjongo kanye cwaningo emikhulu ekuthuthukiseni asebenzayo wentuthuko engokwesayensi futhi lobuchwepheshe eyaqala ngekhulu XIX. Ucwaningo lwenziwa ososayensi bokuma komhlaba wethu Russian (belousov, Kosygin, anti, njll) Kanye ososayensi angaphandle (A.Vegener, Dzh.Uilson, Gilbert).

Ukwahlukanisa izinhlobo crustal ukunyakaza

kwakhiwa crustal ukunyakaza sikimu zezinhlobo ezimbili:

• Evundlile.
• ukunyakaza Kuqondile kuhlangana khona izingqimba zomhlaba.

Zombili lezi zinhlobo ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba oludonsa, ezimele nomunye futhi lesi simo singenzeka kanyekanye. Kokubili neyamuva ukudlala indima eliyisisekelo ekubumbeni sendawo kule planethi yethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo nokuhamba ungqimba lomhlaba kukhona into eyinhloko ukutadisha zokwakheka komhlaba, njengoba nje kuvamile namanje:

• Ziyakwazi imbangela eqondile ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuguqulela yesimanje landscape, neseqo ekuhlehleni kwezinye izingxenye izindawo zasolwandle.
• Ukucekela impumuzo eyinhloko isakhiwo eligoqiwe, uhlobo etshekile futhi discontinuous, ukudala endaweni yabo emisha.
• Nikeza kube nokwabelana izinto phakathi kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa futhi uqweqwe, futhi ahlinzeke okukhipha magma izidakamizwa ngokusebenzisa iziteshi ebusweni.

ukunyakaza ovundlile zomhlaba ka ungqimba lomhlaba

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ebusweni iplanethi yethu siqukethe izingqimba zomhlaba lapho amazwekazi nasolwandle abekwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zokuma komhlaba abaningi besikhathi sethu bakholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka isithombe samanje amazwekazi kwakubangelwa ukufuduka ovundlile iningi lezi zokwakheka enkulu ungqimba lomhlaba. Lapho zomhlaba ipuleti amashifu, kanye uhamba yakhe futhi silibangise ezwenikazi, lapho itholakala kuyo. Ngakho, ukuhamba evundla ngaleyo ndlela kakhulu slow ungqimba lomhlaba kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi ibalazwe zalokho izigidi zeminyaka siguqulwe, amazwekazi efanayo seniqhelelene.

eduze kakhulu watadisha ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba kwezimpawu ezintathu zokugcina eminyaka. Crustal ukunyakaza esigabeni samanje amaphoyisa ayaphenya ngalolo daba ngosizo imishini ephezulu ukucacisa, sibonga ngalo sithole ukuthi ovundlile ukufuduka zomhlaba of surface eMhlabeni kukhona kuphela unidirectional futhi unqobe nje ngamasentimitha ambalwa ngonyaka.

Lapho ukuguquguquka zomhlaba amapuleti kwezinye izindawo nibuthana ndawonye, futhi kwezinye diverge. Ezintabeni ukushayisana zone amapuleti kwakhiwa, futhi izindawo kwehlukana amapuleti - imifantu (waphuka). Isibonelo esiphawulekayo sasemaphandleni lithospheric amapuleti ukungafani waphawula ngesikhathi samanje, okubizwa ngokuthi yeGreat Rift Valley. Ababona kuphela ubude enkulu ukuqhekeka ku ungqimba lomhlaba (ngaphezu kuka-6000 km), kodwa futhi esebenzayo kakhulu. Rift yezwekazi lase-Afrika kuba ngokuphazima kweso, okungukuthi cishe alikho esikhathini eside esizako, ingxenye esempumalanga yalesi nezwekazi iyohlukanisa bese bakha ocean entsha.

Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela mpo ungqimba lomhlaba

ukunyakaza mpo lithosphere, obizwa nangokuthi osabalalayo, kunokusebenza orientation ovundlile kukhona double, okungukuthi, izwe lingavuswa bese ngihlaliswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Umphumela ukunyakaza mpo nazo lithosphere futhi nokuphakamisa (iseqo) uphinde wehlise (ekuhlehleni) kolwandle. crustal ukunyakaza eminyaka phezulu naphansi, eyaqala emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule usukela ashiya insalela, okungukuthi esontweni Naples, abakhiwa Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-4 BC, okwamanje kuba endaweni engamamitha angaphezu kuka-5 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle, kodwa izinsika zalo embozwe amagobolondo of mollusk. Lokhu kuyinkomba egqame bha ukuthi ithempeli kwase kuyisikhathi eside ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngakho-ke lokhu isichibi inhlabathi is ehlelekile ngalapho mpo eksisi ngesifuba, kusuka kwezinkulu kwehle. Lo mjikelezo is njengoba ukunyakaza vibrational izinhlobo ukunyakaza crustal ezaziwayo.

ekuhlehleni kolwandle kuholela kulokho kwake kwaba kwavela isihlabathi esomile, futhi kwakheka emathafeni, phakathi okuyizinto North kanye West laseSiberia Plain, Amazon, leli Turan nabanye. Okwamanje, kukhona umhlaba kokuphakama eYurophu (yonke iNhlonhlo zaseScandinavia, Iceland, i-Ukraine Sweden) uphinde wehlise (Holland, eningizimu yeNgilandi, inyakatho ye-Italy).

Ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye mlilo ngenxa ukunyakazisa lithosphere

ukunyakaza ovundlile we uqweqwe kuholela ukushayisana noma iphutha kuhlangana khona izingqimba zomhlaba, lapho kubonakala khona ukuzamazama komhlaba wamandla obuhlukahlukene, okuyinto kukalwa esikalini sikaRichter. amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba kuze 3 amaphuzu kulesi sikali akuyona wazizwa ngomuntu, ezinyakazayo phansi nge ubukhulu 6 nele-9 kakade wakwazi ukubangela umonakalo ebalulekile futhi balahlekelwe ukuphila.

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhamba evundla mpo iziteshi lithosphere akhiwa ngesikhathi imingcele khona izingqimba zomhlaba, okuyinto ngaphansi kwengcindezi of indaba isiphuku ephonswa ku komhlaba. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi mlilo, amandla nezinto zethu esingazisebenzisa ukugcina e ifomu-mlilo, iziphethu neziphethu efudumele. Emhlabeni, kukhona izintaba-mlilo eziningi, ezinye zazo ziyizilimi oshisekayo kuze kube namuhla. ngezinye izikhathi ingaba umthombo kokubili ezweni ngaphansi kwamanzi. Bekanye Parodi magmatic bona ziqhuma emakhulwini umoya amathani intuthu, igesi kanye umlotha. Submarine mlilo enkulu imbangela tsunami, bona njengabakhulu kunani phansi ngamandla intabamlilo. Okwamanje, iningi zokwakheka mlilo olwandle abapholile.

Inani ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba womuntu

Emphilweni isintu crustal ukunyakaza ukudlala indima enkulu. Futhi lokhu awasebenzi kuphela kumiswa amatshe, umthelela kancane kancane phezu sezulu, kodwa futhi ukuphila emadolobheni wonke.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka iseqo Venice ebheke edolobheni ukuze kuzoba ngaphansi kwamanzi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. amacala afanayo emlandweni ngokuphindaphindiwe, nemizana eminingi yasendulo wangena phansi kwamanzi, futhi emva kwesikhathi esithize, waphinde wabonakala phezu kogu lolwandle.